Ingqondo yomntu, kangangeenkulungwane, inike ngaphezulu komntu omnye ukuba bathethe ntoni kwaye bacinge ntoni. Amawakawaka abaphengululi kule minyaka idlulileyo baye bafuna ukutyhila iimfihlakalo ezikhoyo phakathi kweengqondo ezahlukeneyo zabantu. Kutheni isebenza ngale ndlela, kunokwenzeka njani ukuba sonke sahluke kakhulu kwiingcinga zethu, kutheni abanye abantu bekwazi ukuziphatha ngendlela abanye abayichasayo.
Umahluko ubungumxholo wengxoxo rhoqo iminyaka; kakhulu ke kwisizukulwana ngasinye umhlalutyi omtsha wenza iithiyori ezinokuthi okanye zingavumelani nabanye, kodwa konke kukhangela ukuqonda okwenzekayo ngaphakathi ezingqondweni zethu.
Ngaphakathi kwala madoda esayensi sinokufumana uSigmund Freud, utata owaziwayo wengqondo yengqondo; U-Elton Mayo, ngubani usebenze ngokuziphatha kwabasebenzi kwimizi-mveliso nakwiinkampani zombini isiNgesi kunye neMelika; kunye nengcali yeengqondo uLev Vygotsky, owayengumanduleli weSoviet neuropsychology, ugqirha wezengqondo waseRussia owenza igalelo elikhulu kubomi beli xesha.
Kule posi siza kufunda ngakumbi malunga negalelo elenziwe yile ndoda kwimfundo nakwisayikholoji, nendlela ubomi bakhe obuzinikele ngayo ukusinika ukuqonda okungcono kweengqondo zethu.
Intwana yembali kaVygotsky
Le ndoda yazalwa eRashiya ngo-1896, kwintsapho yamaYuda, kwaye umntwana wesibini kusapho ezisibhozo. Ngexesha lokufikisa kwakhe waphuhlisa incasa ephawulweyo yeqonga. Ngeminyaka eli-19 kuphela ubudala, ngo-1915, wabhala isicatshulwa kumdlalo kaShakespeare: Hamlet.
Ngelixa wayesekholejini, phakathi konyaka we-1913 kunye nowe-1917, ngaphezu kwesihlandlo esinye wayebandakanyeka kutshintsho lomsebenzi ngenxa yokuba Izinto ezibonakalayo azigqibanga ukugcwalisa ukunxanelwa ulwazi. Waqala ukufundela ubugqirha, kodwa kwinyanga nje enye kuphela kwezi zifundo watshintsha ikhondo lomsebenzi waza waqalisa ukufundela ubugqwetha kwiYunivesithi yaseMoscow. Apho, unyaka omnye kuphela, wawushiya umsebenzi wakhe waya kufunda ifilosofi kunye neeleta kwiyunivesithi eyaziwayo, njengoko ezi zifundo zazinomdla kuye ukususela ebusheni bakhe.
Nje ukuba aphumelele, kwaye emva kokuba ucalucalulo lwamaJuda luzinze eRashiya lwaye lwapheliswa ngenxa yoHlaziyo lwango-Okthobha, wagqiba kwelokuba lixesha lokuba adlulisele ulwazi lwakhe olutsha kubantu abanomdla wokufunda. Ngele ndlela, Ndiyafundisa bengqondo kunye nokuqiqa kwi ezaziwayo-kakuhle zokufundisa Institute; i-aesthetics kunye nembali yobugcisa kwi-Conservatory; kwangaxeshanye wayalela icandelo lezemidlalo kwiphephandaba elaziwayo kwaye waseka imagazini yoncwadi.
Ngo-1920 wahlaselwa sisifo sephepha, esathi ekuqaleni samchaphazela ngokunzulu, kungekuphela nje ngokwasemzimbeni, kodwa nangokweemvakalelo. Wafuduselwa kwisibhedlele sabantu, kuba esi sifo sasigqalwa njengesiqatha ngelo xesha. U-Lev Vygotsky weva ukuba ubomi bakhe buya kuba bufutshane, kodwa ekugqibeleni wenza isigqibo: uya kuqinisa umoya wakhe wokusebenza ukuze enze ixesha lakhe emhlabeni lixabise.
Wenze elebhu kwiZiko lokuFundisa apho angafundisa khona abantwana abakhubazekileyo ekufundeni ukuba baye kwi-kindergarten. Kwakungulo msebenzi awayeza kufumana izinto ezilungileyo kuye incwadi yakho Isayikholoji yokufundisa.
Watshata ngo-1924 kwaye kuloo manyano kwakuza kuzalwa iintombi ezimbini. Iminyaka emine sele idlulile oko wosulelwa sisifo sephepha, kodwa usenalo ixesha elingakumbi lokwenza izifundo, ithiyori kunye nomsebenzi, oza kuthi kamva ungcikivwe kwaye ngamanye amaxesha unqunyulwe ngenxa yokuchaswa kwabo ngabasemagunyeni bobukomanisi.
Usweleke ngo-1934 ngenxa yesifo sephepha esasimchaphazele iminyaka eli-14. Nangona kunjalo, wakwazi ukuyalela izahluko zokugqibela zemisebenzi yakhe ngelixa wayelele. Wayengumntu wayesoloko ekhuthele, nokuba injani imeko. Uninzi lwemisebenzi yakhe luya kupapashwa kwiminyaka yakhe yokugqibela nasemva kokuba eswelekile, kodwa baya kuhlala benamagalelo amakhulu kwizengqondo.
Iingcamango zikaLev Vygotsky
U-Lev Vygotsky uphuhlise iithiyori ezininzi ezinokunceda kwimfundo yabantwana abakhubazekileyo ekufundeni kunye nabantwana abanezakhono eziphambili. Ithiyori yakhe yezenkcubeko inezicelo ezininzi kwimfundo nakwindlela yokufundisa.. Phakathi kwezi, ezona zidumileyo zezi: ithiyori yakhe yezentlalo, isikweko sokuqhobosha kunye nokufunda okungaphaya. Zonke ezi zinto ziyinxalenye epheleleyo ekufuneka isetyenzisiwe kwimfundo.
Ithiyori yenkcubeko
Ithiyori yezenkcubeko kaLev Vygotsky inegalelo elikhulu kwimfundo yanamhlanje yabantwana bethu, kuba yayingasetyenziswa kuphela kwinqanaba laseRussia, kodwa izinto zakhe emva kokuba efile zavavanywa ziintlanga ezahlukeneyo noorhulumente abagqiba kwelokuba umsebenzi wakhe wawunomtsalane. Ubuncinci.
Iimvavanyo ezisekwe kwi-ZPD, ezijongene nokubonisa nokuqaqambisa amandla omntwana, zibaluleke kakhulu xa kufikwa kwiimvavanyo zobukrelekrele ezisemgangathweni ezisetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathi. Ezi mvavanyo zihlala zibeka ugxininiso olukhulu kulwazi nasekufundeni esele kufunyenwe emntwaneni. Ngale ndlela, abantwana abaninzi bayaxhamla kwithiyori yokuba uVygotsky waqala phantse kwinkulungwane eyadlulayo.
Elinye lamagalelo asisiseko alo msebenzi yintsingiselo yentlalo athe uVygotsky wayiphawula emsebenzini wakhe, apho athi khona ukuba ukukhula okuqhelekileyo kokufunda komntwana kwinkcubeko enye akufani okanye akusebenzi oko kubantwana bezinye iinkcubeko okanye imiphakathi. Ngendlela elula yokuchaza, ukukhula komntwana kwinkqubo yemfundo akulunganga xa usuka kwindawo eneenkcubeko kunye noluntu oluphawuliweyo usiya kwenye enenye inkcubeko. Kuya kuba nzima emntwaneni ukuziqhelanisa nootitshala kwaye kuya kufuneka bafumane indlela yokusebenza kuyo ngendlela yobuqu.
Indawo yophuhliso (ZPD)
Kulethiyori kaVygotsky, sixelelwa ukuba abantu abadala, ootitshala kunye nabafundi abakwizikhundla ezikufutshane nomntwana (abazali, abantakwabo, abagcini), banoxanduva lokuba yinkxaso kumntwana ekuthethwa ngaye ngexesha lokufunda kunye sebenza, kwinqanaba ngaphambi kokuba afunde ngokwakhe kwaye aqhubeke nemisebenzi yakhe kunye nemisebenzi. Olu ncedo lunokunika abantwana amandla abawadingayo ukuwela i indawo yophuhliso, eqondwa njengomsantsa wentelekelelo phakathi kwento umntwana asele ekwazi ukuyenza, kunye nezinto angakwaziyo ukuzenza yedwa.
Abantwana abakwi-ZPD abanomsebenzi othile bakwinqanaba apho banakho ukwenza umsebenzi othile, oko kukuthi, banakho ukuwenza, kodwa abanakho ukuwenza ngaphandle koNceda kuba kusafuneka badibanise isitshixo esithile. yokucinga eyimfuneko kulo msebenzi.
Nangona kunjalo, ngoqhelwaniso oluchanekileyo bayakwazi ukwenza lo msebenzi ngokuchanekileyo, kuba ngabantu kufutshane nabo babakhokele kwinkcazo yabo. Ngale ndlela, ukuya kuthi ga kuthi uxanduva, ukusebenzisana, isikhokelo kunye nokubekwa esweni kugutyungelwe, umntwana uqhubela phambili ngokwaneleyo kwaye angadibanisa ulwazi kunye nokufunda okutsha.
Ithiyori yokuqhekeza
Indlela yokuqhafaza sisicelo esinikwe i-ZPD. Yinkqubo apho umzali, umgcini okanye utitshala anokunceda umntwana ngomsebenzi abangakwaziyo ukuwenza ngaphandle kokufumana uncedo.
Olu hlobo lobuchule lunikwa rhoqo phakathi kwabazali nabantwana xa lufuna ngokwenene into yokufunda, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ifuna isikhokelo ukuyinceda ukuba iyifunde.
Le ngcamango kaLev Vygotsky ikwasixelela ukuba ayizizo ezokuba zisonjululwe iingxaki zomntwana, kodwa banikwa izibonelelo kunye nolwazi ukuze bazisombulule ngokwabo. Ngale ndlela, inegalelo ekudlulisweni kwemfundo, kwaye ulwazi oluthe kratya lufezekiswa ngenxa yamava akho.
Xa obu buchule busetyenzisiwe, indlela abantwana abafundiswa ngayo ukuba ziziphi na izixhobo kwaye zisebenza njani ibisebenza ngakumbi ekubenzeni ukuba benze imisebenzi abayabelweyo kunokuba bebechazelwe ukuba bangawenza njani na umsebenzi kwasekuqaleni.
Kwaye ngaphandle koko abantwana bafumana uqeqesho oluphezulu kuba yayingengombandela wokwenza oko babone ukuba kwenziwa ngumkhapheli, kodwa kukusebenzisa iingqondo zabo nokwenza umsebenzi.
Amaxesha amaninzi umntwana uyakufuna uncedo lwethu, kodwa ekugqibeleni uya kuba nakho ukwenza umsebenzi awunikiweyo, kwaye xa sele ekwazi ukwenza umsebenzi amatyeli aliqela, uya kuba nakho ukwenza imisebenzi enzima ngakumbi ngexesha elifutshane enkosi imfundo efunyenweyo.