Kukho iirekhodi malunga nemvelaphi yomntu kunye nendlela yokuphila eyayingayo kumaxesha angaphambi kokubhalwa kwembali. Ngexesha lenkqubo yendaleko, ibandakanywa kwimbali izixhobo eziphambili yokufunda umntu anokukufumana, njengokudala isando, ukufumanisa umlilo, ukupheka inyama.
Kufuneka iqatshelwe into yokuba igalelo ngalinye elisuka kwimbali yangaphambi kwembali lisiya kumntu wanamhlanje, lavela kwisidingo esisisiseko kwaye lalinokubasindisa kula maxesha anzima
Iimpawu zangaphambili
Kwimigca ngokubanzi, i-prehistory ineempawu ezininzi. Ngalo lonke ixesha lokudlula kwendoda engaphambi kwembali, ezinye zeempawu eziqhelekileyo zazinamava:
- Le ndoda yayihambahamba: yayingenandawo yokuhlala ihleli kuba eyona mfuno iphambili ngeli xesha yayikukutya, ke isuswa kwenye indawo isiya kwenye rhoqo Ukuze bafumane okona kutya kulungileyo, babenokuqokelelwa emithini okanye kuzingelwe izilwanyana. Esona sizathu siphambili sokuhamba kwabantu kwaba kukuzingela, amaqela amakhulu angoonothwal 'impahlana asukela imihlambi kwindawo yawo yokugqibela ukuze kube lula ukuzingela.
- Ezinye iinkcubeko zazinosapho njengeyona ntsika yazo iphambili: babehlala kwizizwe nasekuhlaleni. Omdala ukhokela oyena mncinci kwaye iintloko zezindlu.
- Izixhobo: izixhobo zokwakha ezenziwe ngumntu ukukhula okukhulu kwinqanaba lobuchopho, ingcinga iye yabanzima ngakumbi ukubulela kwiimfuno ekufuneka zisonjululwe. Izixhobo zokuqala ezenziwe ngumntu zazenziwe ngamathambo ezilwanyana, amatye kunye namanye amasebe aqinileyo ukuze kamva avele kwixesha lesinyithi. Ukusetyenziswa okuphambili kwezixhobo kukuzikhusela kwizilwanyana ezitya ezinye, emva koko umlilo waba lihlakani elifanelekileyo ekuzikhuseleni.
- Izilwanyana zasekhaya: abantu bafunde ukwenza izilwanyana eziluhlaza Ukufunda indlela abaziphethe ngayo, ngamanye amaxesha izilwanyana ezazitshixelwe ukuba zityiwe zaba zizilwanyana zasekhaya.
Indoda yangaphambili
Indoda yokuqala yayiyiNeanderthal, iseneempawu zembali kwaye Kamva yavela kwiHomo sapiens. Ezi zimbini ziyimvelaphi yento esiyaziyo namhlanje njengembali, ukusukela kula maxesha umntu enze igalelo kwinkcubeko nakwinzululwazi.
Ifosili yangaphambi kwembali ithathwa njengomntu xa ithambo lomqolo linika ubungqina bokuba lalikwazi ukuma nkqo, amandla alo e-cranial anokugcina ubuchopho obukhulu ngakumbi obufana ne-homo sapiens kwaye iingalo nezandla zide. Kwelinye icala, ikwabizwa ngokuba yindoda yakudala, ithathwa ngale ndlela de ibe yimbonakalo ye ukubhala kwiinkcubeko zamandulo.
Umntu wangaphambi kwembali nguye nabani na okhe waphila ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, kokubini kwiminyaka yamatye kunye nobudala bentsimbi.
Ngaphandle kokubizwa ngokuba ngabantu bakudala, babekwazi ukucinga nokusombulula iingxaki zokusinda, nokuba bebengakwazi ukubhala, banokuba nezinye izakhono zokuqonda.
Phakathi kweempawu ezibonakalayo kunye neempawu umntu anazo ngaphambili, sifumanisa ukuba zinokufutshane, enkosi kakhulu kwimisipha yokuzingela kunye nomadismBabenemihlathi eyomeleleyo kwaye behamba begobile.
Kwangolo hlobo lunye, unxibelelwano lwalukhutshwa ngokuhamba komzimba nangokukhupha izandi. Kwelinye icala, ukufunyanwa kobomi bomntu obomlilo, kumenza axhomekeke kwilangatye elibomvu. Eli qela laba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu xa umdlalo uqala ukupheka, unokulawula izifo ezininzi ezibangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwenyama eluhlaza.
Imisebenzi eyayifunyenwe yimbali yamandulo yayitshintsha ngokwemiyalelo ye-hierarchical eyayigcinwa kwizizwe nasekuhlaleni, kancinci kancinci ubunkokeli obuthile bavela kwiqela ngalinye: amadoda azingelwa, abafazi baqokelela iziqhamo kunye nabantwana amasebe omlilo kunye nokufudumeza.
Kwixesha laphambi kokubhalwa kwembali, umntu wenza igalelo elikhulu kubugcisa ngokubanzi, eyona ndlela yokunxibelelana yayikukupeyinta emiqolombeni eyenziwe ngothuli lwendalo olufana ne-oxides kwaye ezinye zazikhutshiwe ematyeni.
Unxibelelwano olubonakalayo lwaluyinxalenye yerekhodi lomntu kunye nobomi bakhe bemihla ngemihla, malunga nendlela ababezingela ngayo kunye nesilwanyana ngasinye esimele embonisweni.
Uluntu lwangaphambili
Olu luntu lwakhiwe ngolawulo oluphezulu kunye neendima zentlalo ezinikwe ilungu ngalinye loluntu.
Nangona kwimvelaphi yayo umntu akazange ahlule phakathi koluntu, kodwa iimfuno zakhe zazingezozamandulo, uluntu lwangaphambi kwembali lufumana amandla njengoko ingqondo yomntu iya isiba nzima ngakumbi.
Ezinye izithethe zentlalo esizaziyo namhlanje ziye zaqhelaniswa nomntu ukususela kumaxesha angaphambi kokubhalwa kwembali. Phakathi kweempawu zoluntu lwangaphambili esizifumanayo:
- Imfanelo: ilungu ngalinye loluntu lalinoxanduva egameni lakho; Oko kukuthi, abantwana baqokelela amasebe, iziqhamo zabafazi kunye namadoda azingelwayo, abantu abadala kancinci kancinci baba ziinkokheli zezizwe.
- Indoda, nangona ihlala nabanye eluntwini, ayishiyi kude kube ngamanqanaba okugqibela exesha lembali ukuba ingu-nohamba-hamba. Iindawo zokuhlala zethutyana yayiyimiqolomba kunye nemiqolomba apho bachitha ixesha labo, kamva ukufika komlilo, umntu wayefuna ukuncanyathiselwa kwindawo emiselweyo apho waziva ekhuselekile.
Amanqanaba okuqala:
Nangona sithetha ngaphambili njengexesha lexesha apho iinkqubo ezininzi zokuzivelela kwezinto zenzeka emntwini, lo mxholo ubanzi kakhulu kwaye uqhubeke malunga neminyaka ezizigidi ezi-3.5, ezahlulwe ngokwamanqanaba aphambili okanye amanqaku okwahlula ixesha.
Ubudala bamatye:
Eli nqanaba lomntu libonakaliswa ngokusinda kwasekuqaleni apho umntu isebenzisa izixhobo zokuzingela nezixhobo ezenziwe ikakhulu ngamatye, eli xesha lahlulwe ngokwamanqanaba amathathu aphambili:
Paleolithic
Eli xesha ligubungela iminyaka yokuqala yeHomo sapiens, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-9000 BC, kwaye yaphuhliswa kwiindawo zaseYurophu, eAsia naseAfrika.
Phakathi kweempawu ezibalaseleyo zePaleolithic sifumana ukuveliswa kwesaphetha, inja kwinkqubo yekhaya kunye nokubonakala kobugcisa njengeyona ndlela iphambili yonxibelelwano.
Umculo kwinxalenye yawo uba yinxalenye yobomi bomntu, xelisa izandi zezilwanyana kwaye indalo zidityaniswe ekuqaleni kweenkolelo zonqulo lwezinto zokuqala.
Imesolithic
Eli xesha alinawo umhla othile, kuba liyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwimihla nakwiindawo, konke oko kusekwe kumathambo exesha lexesha. I-Mesolithic ingathunyelwa njengexesha lexesha phakathi kwePaleolithic kunye neNeolithic.
KwiMesolithic, ukuloba kubonakala kungumsebenzi wokusinda wesibini, Ezolimo zihamba phambili kweli xesha, kunye noluntu lukhula ngokwahluka ngokwentlalo: abazingeli, abalobi kunye neenkokheli zasekuhlaleni.
Inkokheli yoluntu yenza imisebenzi eliqela: umfundisi okanye ishaman kunye nogqirha. Amasiko athile avela malunga nokufa kunye nemfihlakalo yobomi obungaphaya.
Ngeli xesha, umntu uye azi ngakumbi ngamava akhe emvakalelo ahambelana nokufa.
Neolithic
Igubungela iminyaka engama-5000 kunye nama-2500 BC kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba. Eli lixesha lelitye elikhazimlisiweyo. Urhwebo luqala ngohlobo lotshintshiselwano, ipropathi iba yeyabucala kwaye imisebenzi efana nezolimo, ukuloba, imfuyo nokuzingela iba yinxalenye yobomi bemihla ngemihla bomntu njengemisebenzi ephambili.
Ukumbiwa komgodi wokuzalwa kuzalwe njengeempawu zokuqala zeminyaka yentsimbi, esele ikwiminyaka yokugqibela yeli xesha.
Ubudala bensimbi:
Kweli nqanaba lesibini langaphambi kokubhalwa kwembali izixhobo zokuqala ezenziwe ngentsimbi ziyajongwa, uqala ukusebenzisa ubhedu, isinyithi kunye nobhedu, ngamanye amaxesha usebenzisa igolide njengesihombiso okanye iindawo ezincinci zezixhobo kodwa ayisosona sinyithi siphambili. Eli xesha liphakathi kwe-4000 ne-1200 BC.
Ubudala beCopper
Ibandakanya iminyaka engama-4000 ukuya kuma-3000 BC Ukufuywa kwezinye izilwanyana ezinje nge-esile kunye nenkomo kubonakala kwiminyaka yobhedu. Esi sinyithi sisebenze kakhulu ekuqhubeleni phambili ukuveliswa kwezixhoboNangona kunjalo, yayibuthathaka kakhulu kwaye ingakhange ihlangane nolindelo lwendoda engaphambi kwembali, ngenxa yoku, kuye kwavela isidingo sokukhangela ezinye izinyithi ezinje ngobhedu kunye nentsimbi ekwenziweni kwezixhobo kwaye ke la maxesha alandelayo azalwa.
Ubudala beBronze
Ibandakanya iminyaka engama-3000 ukuya kwi-1200 BC Ngeli xesha, ukurhweba kuba yinxalenye yobomi bomntu ngenxa yexabiso lesinyithi eliqala ukunikwa. Ubhedu lwalunokuxhathisa ngakumbi kunobhedu, ukanti aluzange luhlangabezane neemfuno zesixhobo esiyingozi.
Kwelinye icala, ukuthengisa ngokuthe ngqo kwesinyithi kuchatshazelwa ngamanqanaba kunye nophuhliso lwenkcubeko olufezekiswa ngumntu ngenxa yokurhweba.
Ubudala bentsimbi
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukusukela nge-1400 BC.Umntu ulinga nge-metallurgy ukuze akwazi ukubumba izixhobo zokuqala ezenziwe nge-iron.
El ukufunyanwa kwentsimbi wenza indoda isibini ngokupheleleyo kuyo kwaye yamkele le ntsimbi njengeyona iphambili yokufezekiswa kwezixhobo zokuzingela kunye nokukhuselwa koluntu.
Kwelinye icala, ukumiliselwa kwesinyithi kubomi bemihla ngemihla bembali, kwenza ukuloba, imfuyo kunye nemisebenzi yezolimo ibe mnandi kakhulu emntwini; enkosi ekwenziweni kwezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zolu hlobo lomsebenzi.