I-thalamus: ibhedi yezixhobo zoluvo

Phambi kokuchaza ilungu lomzimba womntu kunye namagama afanelekileyo enzululwazi, kufuneka ukuba icace malunga nentsingiselo ayinikiweyo, kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuba kutheni kwaye kutheni ibizwa njalo ngendlela ehambelana noko kwaye ekugqibeleni eli gama lithetha ntoni . Kwimeko elandelayo sine thalamus. Eli gama livela kwisiLatin thalamus, kwaye oku kuvela kwiGrisi yakudala. Yindawo yomtshato, igumbi lokulala, ibhedi yomtshato.

Yiyo loo nto sibona ukuba imvelaphi yeli gama iphakathi kwenkcubeko yamandulo yamaGrike. Uninzi lwamagama amadala abizwa yakudala yenziwa kwakhonaOko kukuthi, la ngamagama ayesetyenziswa mandulo (ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC ukuya kuthi ga kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX AD) kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha elimnyama lamaXesha Aphakathi alahleka kwaye afakwa kwisigama senzululwazi ngexesha loKuvuselelwa, ngelo xesha Imibhalo yesiGrike nesiLatin elahlekileyo iyahlangulwa.

Yintoni ithalamus?

Iingxelo zokuqala zonyango kwigama elithi thalamus zilandelwa emva kwizicatshulwa ezivela kwi-1664 ngokubhekisele kwimithambo-luvo yamehlo; nakwiimibhalo ezisusela kunyaka ka-1756. Nangona kunjalo, uHippocrates odumileyo, (ngenkulungwane yesi-129 BC) noGalen (ePergamo, namhlanje eyiTurkey, 216-XNUMX) basebenzise eli gama ukuchonga i-cerebral ventricle, ukubhekisa kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-optic thalamus.

Kukho ezinye izingqinisiso ezidibanisa igamaokanye ngenkolo, yindawo yeedemon etempileni. Kwakhona kwi-botany ichongiwe njengenxalenye yeentyatyambo. Kwaye kuncwadi izalathiso zekota zininzi.

I-thalamus lilungu elikhoyo kumbutho wobuchopho bezilwanyana ezinomqolo, ngokwahlukahlukana kwazo ukusuka kolunye uhlobo ukuya kolunye. Ngoku, kwimeko yekhonkrithi ye-anatomy yomntu, indawo ebalulekileyo kwingqondo ibizwa ngokuba yi-thalamus. Inesakhiwo esikhulu esikumbindi wengqondo, inamacandelo amabini embhoxo adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekucoceni kweemvakalelo, ezi zimbini zinxibelelene ngonxibelelwano lwangaphakathi.

Ithalam nayo Yahlula-hlulwe phakathi kwi-80 neuronal nuclei. Kukwaziwa njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-diencephalon. Le yokugqibela ikwindawo yecerebral cortex nakwindawo ephezulu yengqondo, ehlala kuzo zonke ii-lobes zobuchopho. I-diencephalon yenziwe nge-thalamus, i-hypothalamus (ebekwe phantsi kokuqala) kunye nezinye izinto ezincinci.

Ulwakhiwo

Ngokwakhiwo, zintathu iintlobo ze-nuclei ezinokuthi zichazwe koluxinano lokuxinana kwengqondo engwevu yobuchopho:

1. Iinkcukacha ezithile zonxibelelwano. Yeyiphi ethumela idatha yeemvakalelo kwiindawo ezithile zecortex yecereal ekhethekileyo ekuqhubekeni kwedatha efika kwicala elithile.
2. I-nuclei yonxibelelwano engacacanga. Bathumela ulwazi kwiindawo ezibanzi kakhulu zecortex yecereal ngaphandle kokumisela umahluko okanye ucalucalulo lohlobo oluthile.
3. Umbutho wenuclei. Yenza isekethe yolwazi edibanisa i-cortex yecerebral kunye nolwakhiwo olungaphantsi.

Banokuthethwa ngemimandla ye-thalamic ethi nayo inokwahlulahlulwa ukuze kufundwe:

1. Indawo yangaphambili: i-nucleus yangaphakathi (NA)
2. Indawo yeVentral: i-ventral nucleus yangaphakathi (VA), i-lateral ventral nucleus (VL), i-posterior ventral nucleus (VP): i-ventral posteromedial (VPM) kunye ne-ventral posterolateral (VPL)
3. Indawo yangasemva: ipulvinar kunye ne-geniculate (medial kunye necala)
4. Ummandla ophakathi: I-medianodorsal nucleus (MD), i-centromedial nucleus (CM)
5. Indawo yangasemva: i-dorsal lateral nucleus (LD), i-posterior lateral nucleus (LP)
6. Eminye imimandla: i-intralaminar nuclei (ebekwe kumbindi we-medina lamina),
7. I-Thalamic reticular nuclei (zihlala kwindawo yomsonto ojikeleze i-thalamus).

Neurons

Ukuya kwiinkcukacha ze-neural siyabona ukuba i-thalamus indibaniselwano yezinto ezininzi ezinemisebenzi ekhethekileyo, zonke ezifutshane, zii-neurons kunye neeseli ze-glial. Njengalo naliphi na elinye icandelo lobuchopho, i-thalamus ilungile kuphela ukuba idityaniswe nezinye iindawo yenkqubo yemithambo-luvo, kwaye oku kubonakala kuhlobo lwee-neurons eziyilwayo.

Iindidi zee-neurons kwi-thalamus zezi zilandelayo

• I-interneurons zalapha. Ezi zijongene ngokukodwa nokwenza ulwazi olufika luvela kwezinye iinxalenye zenkqubo ye-neva eqhutywa kwi-thalamus, ukuyiguqula ibe luthotho lweedatha. Ke ngoko, umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukuthumela iimpembelelo zemithambo-luvo kwamanye ama-interneuron kwithalamus. Benza i-25% yee-neurons kwi-thalamus.
• Ukuqikelela kweeuron. Aba banoxanduva lokuthumela ulwazi kwimida ye-thalamus, ukuya kwi-cortex yecerebral. Zi-75% zee-thalamic neurons.

Imisebenzi kaThalamus

Umsebenzi osisiseko we-thalamus ulandelayo: kwindawo yokuqala, linoxanduva lokudibanisa lonke ulwazi lweemvakalelo olujolise kwi-cortex yecerebral. Ukusuka apho ithatha indima yokuhambisa, isasaza uninzi lolwazi olufikelela kuloo nxalenye yengqondo, ngaphandle kokudibanisa zonke iindlela zovakalelo, ukwenza okanye ukuthintela uqikelelo kwii-lobes ezithile okanye ezinye iisayithi.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukubaluleka kwe-thalamus yolondolozo lomsebenzi wecortical. Ungalibali ukuba ikwanoxanduva lokuhambisa ulwazi ukusuka kwi-cerebellum kunye ne-striatum kwi-cortex yecerebral.

La mabini ngamaziko ahlengahlengisa iindlela ezihla zendlela zecortex yecereal. Ngamafutshane, phantse yonke Ulwazi lweemoto zemizwa idlulisa i-thalamus ngaphambi kokufika kwindawo ebesiya kuyo, i-cortex. Ikwalawula kwakhona ukulala, ukuphaphama kunye nokuvuka.

Izifo zeThalamic

Ukwazi ke imisebenzi esinokuthi sichonge kuyo umonakalo okanye ukuthanda kwithalamus. Umonakalo okanye iingozi kwi-thalamus zinokwenzeka ngenxa: yamathumba, ukonakala okonzakeleyo, ischemia, ukonzakala ekuphumeni kwegazi, umothuko.

Izifundo zophendlo lwezifo zeziphumo zesilonda se-thalamic zijongana ne-sensorimotor, i-cerebellar, ukuphazamiseka kwamazwe amabini kwi-oculomotor kunye ne-dementia. Ukuphazamiseka kwintetho nakwimemori, ukudideka ekuqwalaseleni, kunye ne-hemineglect ibonakala. Izilonda kwithalamus yasekhohlo zichaziwe ngaphakathi Ukuphazamiseka kolwimi Ngokuchasene noko, ukonzakala kwi-thalamus yasekunene kudala iziphene ezinje ngokuthandabuza kweemoto kunye ne-hemiinattention. Ngoku izilonda zethalamic azisoloko zineziphumo kutshintsho lwengqondo, kwiimeko ezininzi xa zibonakala rhoqo ziyadlula. Isifo se-thalamic se-bilateral sisizathu sokugula kunye nesifo sengqondo esixhalabisayo. 

Iimpawu kunye neempawu zomonakalo wethalamic zezi:

• Ukulahleka kwemvakalelo: Ukwenzakala kwi-ventral posteromedial kunye ne-posterolateral nuclei (VPL kunye ne-LP) kubangela ilahleko kuzo zonke iintlobo zovakalelo, kubandakanya ukubamba okuhle, ubuchule bendawo kunye nocalucalulo, kunye nezihlunu kunye nokudityaniswa ngokudibeneyo kwelinye icala lomzimba.
• Intlungu kaThalam: Emva kokonzakala kwe-thalamic, iimvakalelo ezininzi zitolikwa njengentlungu ezenzekelayo kunye neentlungu ezigqithileyo ezenzeka kwelinye icala lomzimba, ekuphenduleni kwisikhuthazo esincinci.
• Ukuhamba okungaqhelekanga kokuzibandakanya: I-Choreoathetosis ene-ataxia inokwenzeka. I-Ataxia inokuvela ngenxa yokuphulukana nokuqina kwemisipha kunye nentshukumo edibeneyo ebangelwe kukonzakala.
• Isandla seTalamic: Isandla sibizwa kwaye siguqulwe, i-metacarpophalangeal eguqukayo kunye ne-interphalangeal eyandisiweyo, iminwe inokushukunyiswa ngokusebenzayo, kodwa iyacotha
• Isigulana sePusher: Ngenxa yokwenzakala kwi-VPL kunye ne-LP nuclei. Izigulana zityhalela kwicala elichaphazelekayo zisebenzisa umsebenzi we-extensor kwicala elingachaphazelekanga.

Imisebenzi yeThalamic inokuchaphazeleka kwiimeko ezininzi. Oku kubandakanya ukubetha, ukwenzakala kunye nethumba. Ezinye izifo okanye izifo ichaphazela i-thalamus kunye nokulinganisela zizidystrophy zemisipha, isifo sikaParkinson kunye nesikaHutchinson. Ezi meko zichaza imijelo ye-nerve kwi-thalamus eyaphuka, iphazamise okanye icothise ulwazi olukuyo.

Uxilongo

Ukucinga kuyimfuneko ukubona nawuphi na umonakalo kwithalamus. Inkqubo ye- isandi senyukliya (i-NMR) y itomography ekhompyutheni (CT), ezi zihlala zisetyenziswa xa kuvavanywa izicwili ezithambileyo zobuchopho.

La I-Positron Emission Tomography (iPET) sisixhobo esihle sokuqonda isifo. Ngolu hlolisiso luthathu, naluphi na uhlobo lokungaqhelekanga kubume, ubungakanani kunye nokuxinana kwethalamus ebonisa ukonakala okanye isifo kunokubanjwa.

Unyango lwe-Thalamic syndrome

Iimpawu zesifo seentlungu se-thalamic zinokuphucuka ngokuhamba kwexesha, nangona kunjalo, rhoqo, isifo kunye nentlungu ehambelana nayo iyaqhubeka. Ke ngoko, ubude bonyango bude kakhulu kwaye uvavanyo kunye nempazamo kuphela kwendlela yokuya kunyango. Ngenxa yobume bentlungu, ukuphelisa iintlungu akunamandla ngokwaneleyo okubangela naluphi na uncedo olubalulekileyo noluchanekileyo.

Ke ngoko, ukuphelisa iintlungu kuhlala kudityaniswa nezinye iziyobisi. Kwiimeko ezinzima, apho intlungu inganyamezelekiyo, ukhetho lokuyilawula lunokwahluka, njengeempompo Ukufakwa ngokuthe ngqo kwintambo yomgogodla ukwenza iyeza, ukutshatyalaliswa kotyando lwesahlulo se-thalamus, okanye ukuvuselela okunzulu kwengqondo.

Ngoku, olu nyango aluqinisekisi ngeziphumo eziqinisekileyo, ezo zifunyenweyo kunye nenqanaba lokukhululeka lahlukile kwizigulana ezahlukeneyo ezifumana olu nyango. Kunzima njengonyango ukuseka isifo se-thalamic syndrome. Oku kuqhele ukwenziwa ngugqirha one-neurologist osele enyange abaguli abaninzi besi stroke