Ukufunda okunentsingiselo kunye nethiyori kaDavid Ausubel

"Ukufunda" kubizwa ngokuba yinkqubo enokuthi ifumane ulwazi olutsha kwimfundiso, ukuziqhelisa okanye amava. Oku kunokuba ziindidi ezahlukeneyo, njengokuphindaphinda, okubalulekileyo, ukujonga, ukufunda okwamkelekileyo, phakathi kwabanye.

Inye nganye yazo inezinto ezibonakalisa zona, kodwa umdla kwesi sihlandlo ubhekiswe ngqo kwi Ibalulekile, a Ingcinga kaDavid Ausubel oye wenza igalelo elikhulu kwindawo yengqondo kunye nokufunda kwengqondo. Oku kuvumele ukuphuculwa kweendlela zokufundisa ngelo xesha nakwiminyaka elandelayo.

Yintoni ukuFunda okunentsingiselo?

Ngokwesazi ngengqondo uDavid Ausubel, ithiyori yakhe iqinisekisa ukuba olu hlobo lokufunda luthathwa njenge Ukukwazi ukudibanisa ulwazi oludala kunye nolwazi olutsha kwaye kufunyenwe kutshanje, ukuze ndikwazi ukudibanisa, ukwandisa ulwazi kunye nokwakha kwakhona ukuba kukho imfuneko.

Ukucaciswa ngakumbi, ukufunda okunentsingiselo kwenzeka ngalo mzuzu apho ulwazi olutsha lufunyenwe kwaye olu lwazi lunobudlelwane nolunye ulwazi olwalufunyenwe ngaphambili. Kungenxa yoko le nto kunokwenzeka ukuba ufunde iinjongo ezintsha, izakhono okanye iikhonsepthi ngokulula ngakumbi ukuba besele sinalo ulwazi olunokunxulumana.

La ithiyori ye UAusubel Ibe ngowona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wolu hlobo lokufunda, kuba ivumela ukuphuhliswa kweendlela zokufundisa kunye nayo, umsebenzi wootitshala wokufundisa ngokukuko.

• Ukuququzelela ukufunyanwa kolwazi olutsha, kubalulekile ukuba ube nolwazi lwangaphambili ukuze lusebenze njengesiseko.
• Ulwazi olufunyenweyo kufuneka lubandakanywe kulwakhiwo lwengqondo kwaye luhlale kwimemori esivumela ukuba siqonde.
• Utitshala kufuneka athabathe inxaxheba ukuze asebenzise ubuchule obaneleyo bokufundisa ukukhuthaza oku kufunda kubafundi.
• Ngokusisiseko ulwazi oludala luyathelekiswa kwaye luhambelana nolutsha ukutshintsha ukwakheka okufanayo kwaye ke ufumane iziphumo ezintsha.
• Kuyenzeka ukuba uluqhube olu hlobo lokufunda uwedwa okanye ngoncedo lukatitshala okanye utitshala.

Okokugqibela kunomdla, kuba umntu ngamnye unokukhulisa Ukukwazi ukufunda okunentsingiselo kwaye wenze ngokukodwa, ngokuzazi okanye ngokungazi, okanye ngoncedo lukatitshala. Nangona kunjalo, okubalulekileyo kukuba iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo nezithe ngqo ezibonakalisa oku kufezekiswa, zezi: ulungelelwaniso, isiseko senkxaso kunye nokudibanisa kunye nokufunda okungaqhelekanga.

Iinkqubo zokufunda

• La isiphumo ibhekisa ekufumaneni ulwazi oluhambelana nolunye ngokwe "uhlobo" olulo kwaye ke ngoko ludibanise ukwenza intsingiselo entsha. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu uyazazi iimpawu ze "moya wenqwelomoya" kwaye ubona "inqwelomoya yomlo" okokuqala, baya kuqonda ukuba "imfazwe" ziimpawu ezithi xa zidibene ne "moya" zenze enye intsingiselo.
• La Uncedo lwenkxaso Okwangoku, kumzekelo ofanayo, siyazi inqwelomoya enombala wegolide, into engazange yabonwa ngaphambili. Ngeli thuba, kuya kufuneka ukongeza ukubakho kweenqwelomoya ezinemibala eyahlukeneyo, eya kuthi iguqule umxholo esinawo malunga nawo.
• El ukufunda okungaqhelekanga Kuxa sisazi ukuba iinqwelomoya, amaphenyane okanye iimoto ziyintoni kodwa sasingazi ukuba "zizinto zothutho" de sifunde nangasiphi na isizathu. Oko kuthetha ukuba siyazazi ezi ngcinga kodwa sasingazi ukuba kunye zinentsingiselo.
• Ekugqibeleni, i indibaniselwano, ephawuleka ngokuba yingcamango eyahlukileyo kodwa iyafana nale intsha, evumela ukuba ifunyanwe ngokulula.

Iindidi

U-Ausubel ukwahlula-hlula oku kufunda kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya nokumelwa, iikhonsepthi kunye nezindululo. Ngamnye kubo neempawu zayo.

• El ukufunda ukumelwa ibhekisa kwezona zibalulekileyo kwaye zibalulekile, Oko kukuthi, abanye baxhomekeke kuyo. Injongo yayo kukubeka intsingiselo, njengaxa usana lufunda ukumela igama "umama" kunina.
• Kwelinye icala, loo miqondo ikwayinxalenye yangaphambili, kuphela ukuba kule meko kunye neekhonsepthi ezichaziweyo kunokwenzeka ukuba ube nombono malunga nale nto kuthethwa ngayo. Umzekelo, umntwana uya kuqonda ngo "mama" nawuphi na owasetyhini ofezekisa umsebenzi ofanayo nowakhe.
• Okokugqibela, ukufundwa kwezindululo ezichazwa njengolwalamano olunamagama aliqela anokuthi, apho iseti yeentsingiselo inokudityaniswa, ayikho enye into ngaphandle kwesibalo ngasinye sawo; evumela ukufumana iintsingiselo ezintsha.

UDavid Ausubel kunye nembono yakhe

Usisayikholojisti kunye no-pedagogue owazalelwa eNew York, e-United States, nge-25 kaOkthobha ka-1918. UAusubel wafundela ubuchwephesha kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania, kwanokufundela ubugqirha (yiyo loo nto ke wasebenza njengogqirha wengqondo). Ukongeza, waphumelela ugqirha kwezengqondo zophuhliso kwaye wenza uphando olufanelekileyo kwizengqondo zokusebenza kwengqondo.

Phakathi kuka-1963 no-1968, uDavid Ausubel wapapasha umxholo wokufunda okunentsingiselo ngokwengcinga yakhe. Ngaphandle kokubandakanya iimpawu ezizodwa, iintlobo kunye neenkqubo ekufuneka zenziwe; Inezinto ezithile ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo, ezinje ngobuchule obuza kusetyenziswa ngutitshala, izixhobo zokuxhasa, abaququzeleli bangaphambili, umbutho kunye nezinto ezibandakanya inkuthazo.

Zeziphi iindlela abafanele ukuzisebenzisa ootitshala?

Utitshala kuya kufuneka afumane indlela abafundi abanomdla ngayo kwimisebenzi ekufuneka yenziwe ngaphandle kwesifundo; kunye neqhina lokuthembela nokhuseleko kufuneka limiselwe phakathi komfundi kunye naye.

Ootitshala mabajolise ekukhokeleni yonke le nkqubo ngoncedo lweendlela ezifanelekileyo ukuze ukufunda okubalulekileyo kuhlangatyezwane nayo kwaye kuphakathi kwengqondo. Ukusetyenziswa kwemizekelo kuya kuba luncedo olukhulu ukuze abafundi baqonde ngokulula.

Ukongeza, abafundi kufuneka banikwe amandla okuchaza izimvo zabo kunye nengxoxo-mpikiswano malunga nabo kunye neyabanye. Ngale ndlela kuphela baya kuthi babe nakho ukufunda ngokubonakalayo isifundo ekunokuba nzima ukuba sifundiswe ngezinye iindlela zokufundisa.

Phakathi kweendlela ezinokwenzeka ukufumana ifayile ye- imidlalo, iimephu zengqondo nezengqondo, abalungiselela kwangaphambili, imizekeliso, phakathi kwabanye. Apho umntu ngamnye eya kuba nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kwaye iya kubangela iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kubungakanani bokufunda komntu ngamnye, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba umntu ngamnye angafunda ngokwahlukileyo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Ootitshala kufuneka bazi ngezizathu ezikhuthazayo eziza kusebenza kule nkqubo; Ukusukela ngokukaDavid Ausubel, ezi zinto ziyaxhamla kwaye zichaphazela ukufunda kwimiba eyahlukeneyo, umzekelo:

• Izibonelelo zibhekisa kukhuthazo olwenziwe kubafundi nootitshala, kunye nokuphucula ubudlelwane bobabini.
• Kwelinye icala, inokuba nefuthe elibi ukuba kuthathelwa ingqalelo izinto zangaphandle ezingakulungelanga ukufunda, kunokuba yinto enesithukuthezi ukuba ayenziwanga ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ngayo, ivelise amathandabuzo phakathi kootitshala ngeendlela ezisetyenziswayo.

Ukuba uyithandile iposti yethu malunga nokufunda okunentsingiselo, siyakumema ukuba sabelane ngayo kwiinethiwekhi zakho ukuze abanye abantu bafunde ngayo; Kananjalo sikwanika ithuba lokusebenzisana nokwandiswa komxholo ngamagqabaza; nokuba kubandakanywa ulwazi olutsha okanye ngokubuza nje umbuzo osivumelayo ukuba sinike iinkcukacha zomba othile.