Njengoko sele sazi, zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni azikwazi kuphela, kodwa kufuneka siphefumle. Yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ukugcina ubomi, kwaye nokuba ungumntu, i-amphibian, isilwanyana okanye isityalo, kuya kufuneka, ngandlela thile, ukufunxa ioksijini.
Ukuphefumla kwemiphunga phakathi ukuya phakathi Ngabaphi abantu, kwanezilwanyana ezininzi, bafumana ioksijini abayifunayo ukuze bahlale cebomini. Siphefumlela phezulu size sikhuphele ngaphandle iigesi ezivela kwindalo esingqongileyo ngokufaka umoya emiphungeni yethu. Ukuphefumla kwe-photosynthetic yinto esiyaziyo ngezityalo, ethi emva kokuba iyenzile ivelise inxenye yeoksijini esiyifunayo ukuze siphile.
Ukuphefumla kwesikhumba, okwangoku, kwenzelwe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-amphibians kunye ne-annelids. Kwaye yaziwa njengenkqubo apho iigesi zingena ngaphakathi kulusu kwaye uvumele ukufakwa kweoksijini. Kuwo wonke lo myalezo siza kufunda izinto ezimbalwa ngolu hlobo lokuphefumla; Zeziphi izilwanyana okanye iintlobo ezinokuba nazo, ukuba zisebenza njani kwaye zeziphi ezona mpawu zinazo, ukuphefumla kolusu.
Ithini ingcaciso yakho?
Njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, olu luhlobo lokuphefumla ngolusu, olwenzeka kwiintlobo ezininzi zasemanziniyee-annelids kunye nezinye ze-echinoderms. Kolu hlobo lokuphefumla kubalulekile ukwahlula inani lomzimba, eliqwalasela ubume bokuphefumla. Ulusu, ngokwenxalenye yalo, oluyindlela yokutshintshiselana ngerhasi eyakwenzeka, kufuneka lubhityile, lufume kakuhle, kwaye kwangaxeshanye lunkcenkceshelwe ngendalo yesilwanyana ekuthethwa ngaso.
Olu tshintshiselwano ngegesi olwenziwa yile nkqubo lwenziwa nge-epidermis, okoko nje i-cuticle yangaphandle ifumile.
Izilwanyana ezinako ukuphefumla okunqamlezileyo zihlala kwindawo ezinomswakama okanye kwiindawo ezinamanzi, kuba oku kuphefumla kuya kusebenza kuphela kwezi meko.. Ezinye izilwanyana ezinolu hlobo lokuphefumla zii-jellyfish, ii-anemones, ezinye iinzipho kunye namasele, iintshulube zomhlaba kunye nezinye ezimbalwa.
Kwenziwa njani ukuphefumla ulusu?
Ukuphefumla ngokusikwa, kunye ne-gill, i-tracheal kunye nokuphefumla kwemiphunga, yenye yeendlela ezine zokuphefumla ezinokuphuhliswa zizilwanyana. Lo mphefumlo unikwa ngalo mzuzu xa ukutshintshiselana ngegazi kwenzeka yesikhumba okanye yeendawo ezithile ezinje ngemingxunya yomlomo okanye kwimingxunya yangaphakathi ethi, xa izaliswe ngamanzi, yenze oko kubizwa ngokuba yimiphunga yasemanzini.
I-Amphibians, xa zidlula kwinqanaba labo, banobuchule bokuphefumla ngaphantsi kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa iigill abanazo kuphela ngeli nqanaba lokukhula kwabo.
Nje ukuba babe nazo Iigill ezivuthiweyo ziqala ukunyamalala kwaye ama-amphibians avelisa imiphunga ebavumela ukuba baphefumle emhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, bayakwazi ukwenza ukuphefumla okunqamlezileyo, njengoko benesikhumba esibhityileyo, kunye nesikhumba esine-vascularized kwaye ebavumela ukuba baphathe ioksijini emzimbeni wonke ngegazi.
Zeziphi izinto ekufuneka zibekhona ukuze yenzeke?
Ukuze le nkqubo yenziwe ngokufanelekileyo kubalulekile ukuba isilwanyana sinesikhumba esingenakungena kwaye sibhityane, esivumela ukufikelela kweoksijini emzimbeni ngegazi. Abantu kunye izilwanyana ezininzi azikwazi ukwenza olu hlobo lokuphefumla kuba ulusu lwabo luyatyeba kakhulu kunokuba befunekayo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko lungqongqo kakhulu ukuphumeza ukuphefumla okusikayo.
Ulusu lwesilwanyana kufuneka lube nenxalenye enkulu yomhlaba xa idibene nengaphandle kunye nomsebenzi ophantsi we-metabolic. Ngokusekwe koku, kwezinye izilwanyana zasemanzini ulusu lunemibimbi emincinci ebavumela ukuba bandise umphezulu ocacileyo ukuze batshintshe irhasi ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukuba sithetha ngemeko ye-amphibians, ukuphefumla kolusu kugubungela kuphela i-2% yokufika kweoksijini eveliswayo, ngelixa kwimeko yamalulwane, ii-chiropterans, oku kuphefumla kugubungela i-20% yeoksijini abayifumanayo, kuba ulusu lwayo lubanzi kwaye ibhityile kwaye igubungele imilenze ye-thoracic, ke ngoko inani lesikhumba elivelileyo liyandiswa.
Inqaku elinomdla kukuba uninzi lwezilwanyana ezinolu hlobo lokuphefumla, lwenzeka njengenxalenye yokuphefumla kabini. Njengakwimeko ye izilwanyana zasemanzini kunye namalulwane, nangona bekwazi ukuphefumla ngokukhawuleza, banokuphefumula kwemiphunga.
Ukuphefumla kwesikhumba kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo
Kukho iintlobo namhlanje ezingenayo imiphunga, kodwa zisakwazi ukuphefumla ngokuphefumla. Ngexesha elifanayo, kukho iintlobo ezithatha njengezincedisayo kwenye impefumlo, kuba ziyakwazi ukwenza zombini ukuze zisinde. Ngoku siya kwazi ukuba ukuphefumla ulusu lwenziwa njani kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo.
Amphibians
Kwiindawo ezininzi eziphila emanzini nasemanzini ulusu lulungiselelwe olu hlobo lokuphefumla, kwaye uninzi lwazo abanayo imiphunga ebavumela ukuba bathathe ezinye iintlobo zokuphefumla. Ukuba sithatha umzekelo ubiziwe intulo ephuliweyo Siyabona ukuba olu hlobo lwee-amphibians luswele imiphunga; Nangona kunjalo, ichazwa njengezona ntlobo zininzi zintulo emhlabeni.
Ngelixa ii-amphibians zitshone ngokupheleleyo emanzini, ukuphefumla kwenzeka kulusu lwayo. Le inwebu engena ngawo umoya unganwenwa kwaye usuke kwimithambo yegazi uye kuyo yonke into ejikelezileyo.
Kukwakho iimeko zasemanzini ukuba uphefumle ngokusebenzisa gill, kwakunye nobukho ekuthiwa-njalo ubuqaqawuli bentlango abanesikhumba esomileyo. Kule meko olu hlobo lokuphefumla alunakwenzeka.
Izilwanyana ezanyisayo
Izilwanyana ezincancisayo zihlala zizinto zokuphela komzimba, ezaziwa ngokuba ligazi elifudumeleyo. Ezi zilwanyana zinamandla okuphucula umzimba kunalawo abizwa ngokuba ligazi elibandayo.
Ngokufanayo, ulusu lwezi zilwanyana, njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, lilungu elinzima kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi linamafutha, elingavumeliyo kwizilwanyana ezininzi, uphefumlo lolusu luyasebenza. Nangona kunjalo, kukho abathile abakwaziyo ukuyenza, kodwa eneneni benza ipesenti encinci yabemi.
Amalulwane ayakwazi ukuthatha i-20% yeoksijini abayidingayo ukuze baphile ngesikhumba, ngelixa abantu bekwazi ukufunxa i-1% yeoksijini eyimfuneko ukuze baphile, nto leyo engabavumeli ukuba baphile ngolu hlobo lokuphefumla. .
Izilwanyana
Ngenxa yokuba ulusu lwabo phantse lwenziwe ngokupheleleyo ngamaxolo, amandla ezirhubuluzi zokwenza olu hlobo lokuphefumla ancitshiswa kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kunokubakho uhlobo lotshintshiselwano lwegesi phakathi kwezikali, okanye kwezo ndawo apho uxinano lwesikali lusezantsi.
Kula maxesha okufihlwa kwamanzi, ezinye iimfudo zixhomekeke ekuphefumlweni kolusu olujikeleze i-cloaca ukuze lisinde kweli xesha.
Ezinye iinyoka zaselwandle, kwelinye icala, ziyakwazi ukwenza ukutshintshiselana ngerhasi ukusika malunga neepesenti ezingama-30 zeoksijini efunekayo ukuze umzimba uphile. Oku kubalulekile kubo ukuba bafuna ukuntywila emanzini. Banokukwenza oku ngokunciphisa isixa segazi esibonelela ngemiphunga kwaye bayalathise ukuba inikeze ii-capillaries eluswini.
Intlanzi
Olu hlobo lokuphefumla lukwafumana indawo kwiindidi ngeendidi zeentlanzi kwihlabathi liphela, nokuba lolwandle okanye amanzi amatsha. Xa kufikwa ekuphefumlweni, njengoko sele sisazi, iintlanzi zifuna kuphela ukusebenzisa iigill zazo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iintlanzi ezithile ezinakho ukwenza oku kuphefumla, kwaye ezinokubamba phakathi I-5 kunye ne-50 yepesenti yeoksijini abayifunayo ukuze baphile ngesikhumba. Ewe kunjalo, konke oku kuya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwendalo, ubushushu kunye nentlanzi ekuthethwa ngayo.
Umzekelo, kwiintlanzi ezithatha ioksijini emoyeni, ukuphefumla kwesikhumba okwenziwe kakuhle kubaluleke kakhulu. Kwezi ntlobo umoya ofunxwa ngolusu unokuba Iipesenti ezingama-50 zezinto eziyimfuneko ukuze uphile. Intlanzi yokutsiba kunye neentlanzi zekorale ziyaziwa koluhlobo.
Echinoderms
Kule ndawo sinokufumana ii-urchins zaselwandle, ezizezolu sapho kwaye zifumaneka ezinzulwini. Banenaliti ezininzi ezizezabo iindlela zokuzikhusela ngokuchasene namarhamncwa, kwaye bayakwazi ukuphefumla ngegill kunye nangolusu lwabo.
Ngokukwanjalo, iikomkomere zaselwandle nazo zinokukwenza oku kuphefumla. Nangona ezinye zazo zinemibhobho ethile ebavumela ukuba baphefumle, ezikufutshane ne-anus, ziyakwazi ukuphefumla ulusu.
Insectos
Xa sithetha ngezinambuzane, singatsho ukuba nangona ukutshintshiselana ngerhasi kunesisa, ayisiyiyo kuphela kwendlela ekufuneka ufumane ngayo indlela yokuphila. Uninzi izinambuzane zifunxa ioksijini eyimfuneko zize zikhuphe ikharbon diokside ngethishu ebizwa ngokuba yi-cuticle, ebekwe kwinxalenye engaphandle ye-epidermis yezilwanyana ezingenamqolo.
Kukho ezinye iintsapho zezinambuzane ezifuna oku kuphefumla ukuhambisa i-hemolymph emzimbeni wazo kuba zingenayo inkqubo yokuphefumla echaziweyo. IHemolymph iyafana negazi elinazo izinambuzane.
Uninzi lwezinambuzane ezisemhlabeni zisebenzisa inkqubo yetrachea ukwenza into eya kuba kukuphefumla kwabo. Nangona kunjalo, kwizinambuzane zasemanzini, ezinamanzi asemanzini okanye i-endoparasitic, ukuphefumla kwesikhumba kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba azinako ukufunxa ioksijini eyimfuneko ngetreachea.
Isiphelo
Amaxesha amaninzi sinokufumana kubomi obujikeleze iindlela zethu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo abahlali ekuthethwa ngazo ngeendlela zokuba baphile. Ukusuka kubhabha okanye uhambe, uzingela okanye utya imifuno, uphefumle ngemiphunga okanye ngesikhumba.
Kukho Umahluko omangalisayo kwihlabathi liphela onokuyifumana kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kule meko sithetha ngokuphefumla, yenye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu ekufuneka siziphile, kwaye yeyona nto icinezelayo.
Ukubona indlela ezizintlobo ngeentlobo ezithe zalawulwa ngandlela thile ukuze zihlale ziphila isixelela ukuba indaleko inokwenzeka, kwaye nokuba ngamanye amaxesha kufutshane nabantu banokukwazi ukufumana ezinye zezi mfihlelo okanye fumana izakhono ezisivumela ukuba sisinde ngakumbi. Ininzi into esinokuyifunda kwizilwanyana nakwazo