Ngaba uyazi ukuba kolunye uhlobo ioksijini ifunxwa ngqo kwizicwili?
Ndiyazi ukuba kuvakala ngathi kuyaphambana, kuba uninzi lwabo lunale pateni ezintlokweni zabo apho ioksijini ingena ngeempumlo, ifikelela emiphungeni apho ukutshintshiselana ngegesi negazi kwenzeka kwi-alveoli, nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iintlobo, njengoko kunjalo ngezinambuzane, inkqubo yahluke ngokupheleleyo, kuba ayibandakanyi isenzo senkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi, kwaye ibizwa ngokuba kukuphefumla komqolo.
Iindidi eziphuhlisa olu hlobo lokuphefumla zixhotyiswe ngetreacheae, engena emzimbeni, inika inkqubo yemibhobho eneendonga eziqiniswe yimisesane eyenziwe nge-chitin. Iitracheas zezo zivumela ukugqitha komoya kwinkqubo yohlobo.
I-Arachnids kunye nearthropods yiminye yemizekelo yezilwanyana ezithi ziphefumle uhlobo lwetracheal.
Inkcazo yokuphefumla
Luhlobo lokuphefumla, olunokuthi luchazwe ngokuthe ngqo, kuba umoya unikezelwa kwiiseli, ngaphandle kokufuna igazi njengolwelo lokuhamba, njengoko kunjalo nokuphefumla ebantwini.
Inkqubo yokuphefumla kwezinambuzane iqhuba ioksijini ngqo kwiiseli, apho imveliso yenkunkuma (icarbon dioxide) isuswa ukuyisa ngaphandle. Yenziwe ngoqhagamsheleko lweentlobo zemibhobho, inoxanduva lokungenisa iigesi zokuphefumla emzimbeni kunye nokwenza ukutshintshiselana kweegesi kwinqanaba leeseli. Umoya ungena kuthotho lwezinto ezivulekileyo zangaphandle ezibizwa ngokuba yimiphetho ekhokelela kuthungelwano lweetyhubhu ezibizwa ngokuba zii-tracheae. Ezi tracheae ziphinda zisebenze kwiitracheae.
Ukuphefumla kwetreacheal kwenzeka njani?
Ukuba yinto eqhelekileyo kwizinambuzane nakwezinye iindawo zomhlaba, olu hlobo lokuphefumla lwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ezi zinto zinothotho lwemibhobho, ebizwa ngokuba yi-tracheae, evulekela ngaphandle ngemingxunya ebizwa ngokuba yi-stigmata. La ngamacandelo abaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo.
Iitracheas, ezifanayo nenkqubo yombhobho, isebe liye kuwo onke amalungu omzimba athi iseka unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo oluvumela ukutshintshiselana ngeegesi: ioksijini (O2) kunye nekhabhon dayoksayidi (CO2), yenziwa ngokuthe ngqo kuzo zonke iiseli. Umoya uphefumlwa ngamabala angaphandle, anyusa isisu soluhlobo.Xa kuvaliwe amabala, kuyajongwa indlela esisivumelwano esiswini kunye nekhabhon diokside ekhutshiweyo ephumela kubuhlanti bangasemva.
Utshintshiselwano ngegesi Ukuphefumla kwetracheal, yenziwa ngokulandela inkqubo yenkqubo yomzimba ebizwa ngokuba kukusasazeka, apho imveliso yegradient yoxinaniso yomsinga womoya ongenileyo, kunye noxinzelelo apho into leyo ifumaneka khona kwiiseli, ikhuthaza ukukhutshwa igesi engafunekiyo yomzimba (CO2), kunye nokufakwa kweoksijini ebalulekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba sinoxinaniso oluphezulu kwindawo yokungenisa umoya, le gesi idlula kwiitracheas ingene kwiiseli ngembobo yeembumba zeseli, kude kube kugxilwe kumacala omabini alinganayo, kwaye kwinqanaba lokulingana inkqubo iyeka.
Kwenzeka into efanayo ngekharbon diokside, nangona kungenjalo, kuba ziiseli eziyivelisayo njengemveliso eyenziwayo ekuphenduleni kwazo ukuze zifumane amandla. Ke ngoko, ukuxinaniswa kwale gesi ngaphakathi kwiiseli kuphakame kakhulu kunasemoyeni, yiyo ke loo nto idlulela kwi-tracheae ukulinganisa uxinzelelo lwayo.
Ulwakhiwo olubandakanyekayo
Ukuthuthwa komoya, okuthathwe kwindalo esingqongileyo, kwenziwa ngempumelelo kwizinto eziphilayo ezenza ukuphefumla kwetracheal, ngenxa yentshukumo edibeneyo yothotho lwezinto, phakathi kwazo ekufuneka zichazwe:
- Iitraki: Zizinto ezingenayo i-integument, ebonisa isimbozo, okanye i-cuticle, etshintshwa ngexesha lokutshintsha kwesikhumba. Ubungakanani beli sakhiwo bungaphantsi kwe-0.8 millimeters. Iitracheas zesebe ngaphandle kwesilwanyana kwaye zibhitya, ukuze zingeniswe kuzo zonke izicwili. Ngale ndlela, bafikelela kufutshane nazo zonke iiseli zezinambuzane, ngendlela efanayo nendlela ii-capillaries zegazi ezenza ngayo emzimbeni womntu.
- Ibala okanye ispiracles: Ukuvulwa esikufumanayo phakathi kwetrachea ebusweni bomzimba kubizwa ngokuba yi-blowhole okanye ibala, kwaye ezi zikwimimandla ebizwa ngokuba yi-mesothorax, metathorax kunye nesisu. Ukuvalelwa kwezinto ezingumoya kuhlala kulawulwa ziivaluva ezenziwa zezihlunu. Luphawu olubalulekileyo lwemiphetho, okanye iipoyinti zokuphefumla, ezihlala zikhuselwe kuninzi lwezinambuzane ziinwele ezincinci, ezinomsebenzi ofana nalowo wokucoca ulwelo olunqanda ukungena kwamasuntswana othuli kunye neentsholongwane.
- Iinkqubo zetracheoles: Zizinto ezinqamlezileyo ezingena nakwiseli zemisipha, kwaye kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba udonga lwabo lubhityile kakhulu, olungavumeli ukutshintshiselana simahla kweegesi kunye namanzi. Iitracheae zigqunywe ngulwelo olubizwa ngokuba yihemolymph, olufanayo oluhlamba izicwili.
Ukubaluleka kokuphefumla
Ukuphefumla kunokuchazwa njengesona senzo sibaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lwemisebenzi ebalulekileyo, kwaye oku kuyaxhaswa yinto engenakuphikwa yokuba zonke iinkqubo zinxulumene ne-oxidation kunye nokunciphisa ukusabela, nkqu nakwizinto eziphilayo, ukukhula kweempendulo kufuna ioksijini. Iintshukumo zokwahlulwa kweseli kunye nokuzalwa kwakhona kwenziwa, ngenxa yobukho beli qela. Ukubaluleka kwayo kwiinkqubo ze-metabolic, kunye nasekukhupheni i-toxins, kuyaziwa kwakhona.
Ukubonelelwa kwayo kubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo azinakho ukuhlala kungekho.