Yintoni ulwakhiwo? Ababhali, izinto kunye neempawu

La ithiyori yolwakhiwo, ikwabizwa ngokuba sisayikholoji yolwakhiwo, yatshintsha imeko-bume yangoku: ukusukela ngexesha lokuza kwayo, umntu sele ezibona enoxanduva lokuziphatha kwakhe ngokubhekisele kulwazi kunye nokukwazi kwakhe ukukhula.

Le ithiyori yolwazi yaveliswa ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX UWilhelm Maximilian Wundt kunye no-Edward Bradford Titchener, apho kufundwa khona ingqondo yabantu abadala, ngeendlela ezinje nge-introspection evumela isigulana ukuba sandise iimvakalelo kunye namava adlulileyo, ekukhangela naluphi na utshintsho olubonisa ulwazi ngakumbi malunga nomxholo wangaphakathi womntu ngokweemvakalelo. nasengqondweni.

Yintoni ulwakhiwo?

Igama lesayikholoji yolwakhiwo, libhekisa kuphononongo lwezinto ezingqondweni, inendlela yefilosofi engagungqiyo kwingcinga enye enje nge-anthropology yenkcubeko, iilwimi okanye iMarxism.

Eyona njongo iphambili yolwakhiwo kukungena kwisayensi yoluntu, kucetyiswa ukuhlalutya indawo ethile, le ndawo ichazwa njengenkqubo epheleleyo enamalungu ahambelana nomnye, oko kukuthi, umgangatho wangaphakathi wesigulana uyafunwa, uqwalaselwe njengesakhiwo esiya kuthi, sinentsingiselo ngaphakathi kwenkcubeko ngokwayo.

Intsingiselo ngokwayo enikwe kulwakhiwo ithiwe yafundwa ngokugqibeleleyo kwaye yabuzwa ngaphambili, ngenxa yoku, iindlela ezinje ngokufunda indlela yokuziphatha umntu anayo kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla ziyasetyenziswa.

Imisebenzi eqhelekileyo engathethi ukungeniswa koxinzelelo sisigulana, ngokubanzi, yimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla kunye nemikhwa esele yenziwe ngumntu ebomini babo; Umzekelo: indlela ophaka ngayo ukutya okuziinkozo, uzilungisa njani ezinye izitya, uye ecaweni kangaphi.

Ubutsha obubangelwe lulwakhiwo buqulathe ukwaphula nawuphi na umxholo wolwakhiwo njengoko lusekwe kwizengqondo "eziqhelekileyo". Oku kuthi, kubonise isidingo sokuphelisa naluphi na ulwakhiwo.

Omnye woovulindlela kunye nabangabaphikisi abaphambili bale ithiyori yayingu-ethnographer kunye nengcali ngembali UClaude Lévi-Strauss, ohlalutye izinto zenkcubeko ezinje ngeentsomi kunye neenkqubo zokuzala.

Kwelinye icala, i-Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt yaseJamani, eyayigxile kakhulu ekuphuhliseni ithiyori kwaye yayikumabakala aphambili okufunda kwayo, yathathela ingqalelo ukwenza uvavanyo kwilabhoratri yakhe, apho yathatha khona iapile yabhala iimpawu zayo kuyo. kwiikhrayitheriya zabo: injani i-apile, injani, injani incasa kunye noburhabaxa obunayo ngaphakathi ...

Ukufaka isicelo semigaqo-nkqubo yokuchonga kwangaphambili emisela ukuba nawaphi na amava amava kufuneka achazwe kwezona mpawu zisisiseko.

Oku kuyakuqinisekisa ukuba umntu uzimisele ukubeka umzamo omkhulu ekungeneni, kwaye angabhalisi nje into ngento eyiyo ngamehlo.

Wundt 

WIlhelm Maximilian Wundt, Wayengugqirha wezengqondo waseJamani, ugqirha wezinto zomzimba kunye nefilosofi. Kuphuhliswe ilabhoratri yokuqala yovavanyo kwi Leipzig. Kule dolophu yayinguNjingalwazi wase-Edward Bradford Titchener owathi kamva waphakamisa ithiyori yolwakhiwo ngokweemvavanyo, izincoko kunye nethiyori ezifundwe kunye notitshala wakhe.

I-Wundt ihlala inxulunyaniswa noncwadi lwakudala kunye nobudlelwane bayo nokuphunyezwa kweendlela ezifanayo zokubonisa. UWundt wenza ingcaciso malunga nokunyaniseka okuchaphazeleke kumava avavanywe phantsi kweglasi yokuphakamisa ukungeniswa okulawulwayo kunye nezo ziye zafundwa phantsi kwemisinga yefilosofi, ethi kule meko ayibize kukuzazisa.

Igama loqhagamshelwano Titchener

U-Edward B. Titchener wayengugqirha wezengqondo wase-Bhritane, owayengumfundi WU-ilhelm Maximilian Wundt, owayeza kuba ngumcebisi kuye bonke ubomi bakhe kwaye amkhuthaze ukuba aveze ithiyori yakhe kwihlabathi. Kwiminyaka yakhe yobudala, wafudukela eUnited States, apho waphumelela khona kakhulu.

Uthathelwa ingqalelo njengomsunguli wolwakhiwo, kucacile ukuba wayeyi-introspectionist, ngexesha lokufika kwakhe e-United States wenza impazamo yokubonisa utitshala wakhe enjalo, eyadida abantu baseMelika ngakumbi, kuba kuloo nxalenye yehlabathi, hayi ibikho nakumahluko phakathi kokuqonda nokungabikho zingqondweni.

Ubunyani bukaWundt yayikukuba wayengakwazi ukuchaza ukubonwa njengenye yeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokufikelela ezingqondweni, kuba wayekuqonda ukubonwa njengamava okungenazinto zangaphandle.

Uhlelile ulwakhiwo ngokwezinto eziqwalaselweyo okanye ukuphendula njengokufanelekileyo ukuba kungokwesayensi, nayiphi na enye impendulo ethathelwa ingqalelo njengezinto zangoku kodwa imvelaphi okanye ubunyani bayo bungagqitywanga ngokuchanekileyo, kufuneka zilahlwe eluntwini.

Iimpawu zolwakhiwo

• Isimangalo: Ikho kuzo zonke iinkqubo zokufunda, kubalulekile ukumisela indlela aziphethe ngayo isigulana ngokwamava adlulileyo abebephila kuwo. Kufuneka iqatshelwe ukuba oku kuqaphela akunakuphazamisa nangaliphi na ixesha ekungeneni komntu.
• Ulwimi njengenkqubo: Okwangoku kuthathelwa ingqalelo ulwimi njengenkqubo, okt aludibananga nayo nayiphi na into iyonke.
• Indlela echazayo: indlela aziphethe ngayo umntu ifundwa phantsi kokubhengezwa ukwenza inkcazo ngqo yenkqubo nganye, utshintsho kunye namava ahamba ngokufanayo.
• Indlela yokuqhubela phambili: amava endalo esingqongileyo okanye imeko ishiywe ecaleni, ithiyori yenziwa kuhlalutyo lomzimba ngolu hlobo.
• Uhlalutyo lolwakhiwo: Kusetyenziswa isigama esiguquguqukayo kwiimfuno zomntu ngamnye, kuba oku kunyanzelekile ukuba kuchazwe amanqanaba kwaye kuchazwe umbono ngokwamacandelo ngendlela ye-hierarchical.
• Imvelaphi: Njengalo naluphi na olukhoyo ngoku okanye olwenziweyo, inezinto ezichaseneyo, ngeli thuba ulwakhiwo lilawulwa yimpembelelo yobukho, hayi njengefilosofi, kodwa njengempembelelo yokuzalwa kwethiyori yolwakhiwo.
• Umbono wendlela: Nangona le ndlela inezithiyori kunye nefilosofi eyahlukileyo ethathelwa ingqalelo, oko akuthethi ukuba inokubekwa njengesikolo, endaweni yoko kufuneka iphunyezwe ngombono wendlela yokufunda indlela yokuziphatha.  
• Umxholo kunye nobudlelwane: Ulwakhiwo lwendawo yokuzalwa luzalwa kwimiqondo yeMarxism kunye nokusebenza, nokwabelana ngokufana kuba bonke babelana ngeekhonsepthi kunye nemibono engaphandle komxholo wenzululwazi.
• Ulwakhiwo kunye noncwadi: Kobu bugcisa, ulwakhiwo lufuna ukufunda ulwakhiwo ngalunye oluhlelwe kwimihlathi okanye kwiphepha ukwenza uthelekiso phakathi kwemisebenzi yakudala, eyezinye iinkcubeko kunye nemixholo.

Isayikholoji yokuqonda

Ukuphonononga ngokunzulu kuphononongo lwengqondo lokuqonda ngokwalo, ulwakhiwo lusekwe ekusebenziseni ezi ndlela zilandelayo zophando kunye neziqinisekiso:

Ukuzazisa

UTitchener usebenzise ukubonwa njengeyona ndlela iphambili yokufunda, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa ukumiselwa ngokuchanekileyo kwawo onke amacandelo okuqonda, athi abe ngumntu ngokweemfuno zomntu ngamnye.

Utshilo ukuba imeko yokwazi inokuba yindlela yolwazi olungenasiphelo kunye nolukhawulezileyo, ngendlela yokuzazisa.

Ngokungafaniyo nendlela yokuchonga eyaphunyezwa nguWundt, eyayiyinto engekhoyo kwaphela, uTitchener wayeyinkqubo ngokupheleleyo, imiyalo engqongqo yanyanzeliswa ukuba ikwazi ukwenza uphononongo malunga nokuqonda, ukuze kuboniswe uhlalutyo olupheleleyo nolugqibeleleyo. .

Uviwo ngalunye lwalunokujongana nesigulana ngento, ngaphandle kokuyikhanyela imvelaphi yayo, ukuhlelwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, emva koko, umntu lowo kufuneka abenakho ukubiza igama okanye ukuchaza iimpawu zento kwimeko yokungena.

Imeko kuphela ebibekelwe isigulana ibingathethi ngegama lento nangaliphi na ixesha, ukuze ikwazi ukujonga ezinye izinto zayo.

Izinto zengqondo

I-Titchener ichaze nganye yezinto zengqondo: izinto zokuqonda, izinto ezinoluvo kunye nezinto zeemvakalelo, ezi zinokwahlulwa zibe ziipropathi zazo: umgangatho, amandla, ubude, ukucaca kunye nobude.

Imifanekiso kunye neemvakalelo azicacanga, ngenxa yoko zinokwaphulwa njengeqela leemvakalelo.

Ezi zinto zintathu zikhankanywe ngaphambili, zigqiba kwelokuba uvakalelo ngalunye lubalulekile.

Kuthetha ukuba konke ukuqiqa kungagqitywa ukwahlulwa kubuzwe, okufikelelwa kuphela kwaye ngokukodwa ngokubonisa.   

Ukudibana kwezinto

Indlela yesibini kwithiyori kaTitchener yayikukuba into nganye yengqondo iyasebenzisana ukuze yenze amava.

Ukuphendula ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwasengqondweni

Umdla ophambili kaTitchener yayikukukwazi ukunxibelelanisa iinkqubo zomzimba namava azi, loluphi utshintsho olwenziweyo xa kufunyaniswa ukubonwa, iBritane igcine, ukuba impendulo nganye yomzimba yayisondelelene kakhulu nokungena, ukuba ngaphandle kolu hlobo lokuphendula, inkqubo efanayo inokuthathelwa ingqalelo engenamsebenzi ayiphumelelanga.

Ulwakhiwo kuluncwadi

Ulwakhiwo luhlalutya uncwadi njengendlela yokufunda kwisigulana, olona lwakhiwo lubaluleke kakhulu luya kwenza uvavanyo olunzulu kumhlathi ngamnye oqulethe isicatshulwa esichaziweyo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba umsebenzi wokubhala ungabakho nakoluphi na uhlobo, into ebalulekileyo ngalo msebenzi kukuhlalutya ubume bomsebenzi ngakumbi kwingxelo kunakwisiqulatho sawo, esithi kule meko "asinto yanto".

Injongo yalo msebenzi kukukwazi ukuthelekisa umsebenzi kunye nolwakhiwo ngamanye amaxesha neenkcubeko ukufumana ubudlelane kunye nobudlelwane noko kuhlalutyiweyo.

Ulwakhiwo kubume beli xesha

Ulwakhiwo lwanikezela utshintsho kubomi beli xesha lobudala bomntu ophakathi, ngokufika kwale ithiyori kubomi bemihla ngemihla yabo bayiphumezayo, iinzululwazi zoluntu zahluma ngokubalaseleyo.

Ngexesha elithile, imbali yafikelela kwintsingiselo entsha eyahlukileyo, umntu waguqula ngokupheleleyo izicwangciso zenkqubo, ngaloo ndlela ehlaziya iindlela zokufunda ezintsha zokuziphatha kwabantu ngokwamava awafumene kubomi bakhe bonke.

Indlela yokuziphatha komntu ayisalawulwa kukhetho kunye nexabiso lobuhle ngaphandle kwesiseko senzululwazi. Ngoku ukubaluleka kokungena komntu ngaphakathi kuye kwafumana ukuqaqamba okwaneleyo ukuze abe noxanduva kuzo zonke izivamvo ngamava akhe emvakalelo.