I-Magnetization okanye ebizwa ngokuba yi-magnetization okanye i-magnetization, iya kuba yinkqubo apho i-dipole magnetic yezinto neempawu ezimiselwe oko, zilungelelaniswe. Yinkqubo eyenziwayo ukwenza iipropathi zemagnethi yentsimbi okanye ibar yentsimbi, kukuhambisa nje iipropathi zemagnethi kwizinto ezizifumanayo, ukubonelela ngeepropathi zemagnethi kwizinto okanye into ethile, emva koko uyitsalele kwenye izinto ngokungathi yayingumazibuthe
Kodwa yintoni umazibuthe?
Imagnethi yiminerali eyenzeka ngokudibanisa ioksijini kunye ne-radical elula okanye edibeneyo kwinqanaba lokuqala le-oxidation kunye ne-sesquioxide yentsimbi enepropathi ebalulekileyo ekutsaleni isinyithi esifana nentsimbi, i-nickel, i-cobalt, kuba i-magnetic field yenziwe ngeenxa zonke.
Izinto okanye umazibuthe uneepali ezimbini ezahlukeneyo okanye ezichaseneyo zemagneti, ezi singazibiza ngokuba ngumntla kunye nomzantsi, ukuzibiza ngendlela edibeneyo okanye ethandwayo nanjengomphumo wokuqhelaniswa kwazo ukuya eziphelweni zomhlaba.
Kutheni izinto zitsala?
Xa iipali zendlela yemagnethi, kwenzeka uhlobo oluthile lokugxeka okuzenzekelayo, kuba umtsalane wenziwa phakathi kweepali ezichaseneyo. Ezi zinto, ziguqulwe zaba ngoomazibuthe, zihlala zimiliswe nge-bar kunye neepali eziphelweni okanye zinokubakho imilo yehashe yakudala.
Le meko yemagnethi ingathatha iintlobo ezininzi, inokuba ngumbane wombane kumqhubi okanye amasuntswana ahamba emajukujukwini, okanye ukuhamba kwe-elektroni kwiatom orbital. Imizimba yenziwe ngamasuntswana amathathu: iiproton, ii-electron, kunye nee-neutron. I-Electron ngoomazibuthe ngokwendalo kwaye kunjalo, emizimbeni ezi zinto zisasazekile kulwandiso lwazo kwaye zinokusebenzisa isenzo kunye nefuthe lazo ngendlela yendalo.
Ngaba zonke izinto zinayo le propati?
Ngokolingelo olwenziweyo, uninzi lwezixhobo esinxibelelana ngazo kufuneka kwinqanaba elikhulu okanye elincinci ukuba nomtsalane okanye ukuba nomtsalane kumazibuthe, kunjalo ngaphakathi kolu luhlu lubanzi lwezixhobo, isinyithi sinesabelo esikhulu nesisebenzayo kunokuba , enye enezinto zeplastiki.
Kukho izinto ezinjenge-iron, i-cobalt, i-nickel ephawule kakhulu iipropathi zemagneti, ukuba sizisondeza kumazibuthe, siya kubona ukuba kwangoko Inxalenye yesinyithi iya kuyidibanisa, lowo ngumboniso olula esinokuwazi. Zonke izinto zineempawu zemagnethi ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile. Ngokubeka umcimbi kwintsimi engafaniyo, iyatsalwa okanye igxothwe kwicala lomhlaba wentsimi. Le propati ibonakaliswa kukuchaphazeleka kwemeko ngemagneti kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lemagnethi ekhoyo.
Obu buthe bumagnethi buya kuxhomekeka kubungakanani bexesha le-dipole yee-athomu kwinto kunye nenqanaba lamaxesha edipole ahambelana ngayo. Apha singakhankanya intsimbi, ephethe okanye ebonisa iipropathi zemagneti eziphawulwe kakhulu, ngenxa yolungelelwaniso lwamaxesha ombane eeathom zalo ngaphakathi imimandla ethile ebizwa ngokuba yi "Domains".
Kukho i-alloy ye-Boron, i-iron kunye neodymium, (NdFeB), eneendawo zazo ezilungelelanisiweyo kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iimagnethi ezisisigxina. Umazibuthe onamandla oveliswe ngumazibuthe oqinileyo oziimilimitha ezintathu owenziwe ngezi zinto unokuthelekiswa ne-elektromagnet eyenziwe kwiluphu lobhedu ephethe imiphakathi yamawaka aliqela. Xa kuthelekiswa, i-bulb yangoku yesiqhelo zii-0,5 amps.
Umzuzu wamagnetic
Imagnetization M yomzimba ibangelwa kukujikeleza kwemijelo yombane okanye amaxesha asisiseko ombane we-atomic, kwaye ichazwa njengomzuzu wamagnetic ngeyunithi nganye Umthamo wemisinga enjalo okanye amaxesha. Kwinkqubo ye-mks (SI) yeeyunithi, M ilinganiswa kwii-webers kwimitha nganye nganye.
Kwelinye icala, kubalulekile ukwazi isiphumo sokuba uzibuthe unazo kwiipropathi ezibonakalayo zezinto, phakathi kwazo esinokuthi sikhankanye: ukuxhathisa kombane, ubushushu obuthile kunye noxinzelelo lwe-elastic.
Intsimi yeMagnetic
Yintoni ebonisa ukuba kukho amandla kazibuthe ngamandla asebenzayo kwezo ntlawulo zihambayo, lo mandla uyawaguqula amasuntswana ngaphandle kokutshintsha isantya sawo.
Singakubona oku, umzekelo, kwi-torque yenaliti yekhampasi esebenza ukulungelelanisa inaliti kunye nomhlaba womazibuthe, inaliti sisiqwenga esincinci sentsimbi esenziwe ngozibuthe. Ukugxininisa kudla ngokubizwa ipali yasemantla kunye nelinye ipali ekumazantsi, ke ngoko amandla phakathi kwezibonda zombini ayathandeka, ngelixa amandla aphakathi kweepali ezifanayo ayenyanyeka.
Iimpawu zecamandla kazibuthe
Le ntsimi yemagnethi ingabizwa ngokuba yi-Magnetic Flux Density okanye iMagnetic Induction, kwaye iya kuhlala ifanekiselwa ngunobumba B.Ipropathi ebalulekileyo yamandla ombane kukuba ukuhamba kwayo kuyo nayiphi na indawo evaliweyo kuyanyamalala. (Umhlaba ovaliweyo ngulowo ujikeleze ngokupheleleyo ivolumu.) Oku kuchazwe ngokwezibalo nge-div B = 0 kwaye kunokuqondwa ngokwasemzimbeni ngokwemigca yentsimi emele uB.
Imihlaba yeMagnetic ilinganiswa ngeeyunithi zetesla (T). (Enye iyunithi yokulinganisa esetyenziswa ngokufuthi ku-B yi-gauss, nangona ingasabonwa njengeyunithi esemgangathweni. Elinye i-gauss lilingana ne-10-4 teslas.
Ngale ndlela, intsimi yemagneti yahluke mpela kwicandelo lombane. Imigca yentsimi yombane ingaqala kwaye iphele ngentlawulo.
Owona mthombo uqhelekileyo wamandla ombane sisekethe yangoku yombane. Ingaba ngumbane wombane kumqhubi wesetyhula okanye ukunyakaza kwe-electron ejikelezayo kwi-athomu. Inxulunyaniswa nazo zombini iintlobo zeluphu lwangoku ngumzuzu wediploma wemagnethi, enexabiso layo ngu-i, imveliso ye-i yangoku kunye nendawo ye-loop A.
Kwakhona, ii-elektroni, iiproton, kunye nee-neutron kwiiathom idipole yemagneti enxulumene noko kunye nokujija kwayo okungaphakathi; Ezo zithuba zemagneti zedipole zimele omnye umthombo obalulekileyo wemagnethi.
Iqhekeza elinomzuzu we-dipole wamagnetic lidla ngokuba yi-magnetic dipole. (Idipole yemagneti inokucingwa njengemagnethi encinci. Inamandla enye efanayo naleyo yemagnethi kwaye iziphatha ngendlela efanayo kumazibuthe angaphandle.)
Xa ibekwe kumazibuthe wangaphandle, idipole yemagnethi inokudityaniswa kwi-torque edla ngokulungelelanisa nentsimi; ukuba intsimi yangaphandle ayifani, idipole nayo inokunyanzelwa.
Iindlela Magnetization
Umfowunelwa ngqo:
Yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu, gubungela isiphelo saloo nto, nokuba yintsimbi okanye intsimbi ngenye yezibonda zemagnethi, ngelixa uhlikihla elinye icala ngesinye isibonda. Ngelixa kuyinyani ukuba oku kuboniswa ngokulula, kufuneka sazi ukuba ezahlukileyo Izinto zemagnetic zifuna amandla ahlukeneyo okwenza umazibuthe, ke kubalulekile ukwazi ubungakanani bamandla afunekayo ukugcwalisa ngokupheleleyo iimagnethi ngexesha lale nkqubo.
Ukwenziwa:
Intsimbi encinci okanye imivalo yentsimbi isondela kumazibuthe onamandla, emva koko intambo inxeba kwisiqwenga sesinyithi, into esiyibiza ngokuba yi "coil", le nkqubo izakuvelisa into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-electromagnet. ukutsala amasuntswana amancinci kumazibuthe. Kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ukuba imeko yomtsalane yenzeka kuphela ngelixa ukuhamba kombane kuhamba.
Le migca ihlala ivala ngaphakathi kubo, ke ukuba baya kumthamo othile ngaxa lithile, kufuneka bashiye loo mthamo. Ngale ndlela, intsimi yamagneti yahluke mpela kwicandelo lombane. Imigca yentsimi yombane ingaqala kwaye iphele ngentlawulo.