Yintoni uphando lwentsimi-Amanqanaba, iimpawu kunye nobuchule

"Uphando" ngumsebenzi ojolise ekufumaneni ulwazi olutsha okanye ukwandisa ulwazi, idatha esetyenziselwa ukusombulula iingxaki kwicandelo lezenzululwazi. Ngokwento yokufunda, kunokwenzeka ukuba uyihlele kwezi ndidi zilandelayo: uhlalutyo, ukusetyenziswa, isiseko kunye nomhlaba.

Uphando lwentsimi yinto esiza kuyicazulula kulo lonke eli thuba, singafuni kuphela ukunika inkcazo ngokudibeneyo neempawu zayo; kodwa kwakhona phuhlisa amanqanaba ayo kwaye ufumane iindlela ezivumela ukuba zenziwe ngempumelelo.

Luhlobo lophando olusetyenziselwa ukuqonda nokufumana isisombululo kwingxaki yaluphi na uhlobo, kwimeko ethile. Njengoko igama layo libonisa, imalunga nokusebenza kwindawo ekhethiweyo yokukhangela kunye nokuqokelelwa kwedatha evumela ukusombulula ingxaki.

Umphandi kufuneka angene kwimeko ukuze aqonde ukuba ingxaki inokuyichaphazela njani loo ndawo, kunye nokubonisana nemithombo ekufutshane; idatha oza kuyifumana kwaye kuya kufuneka uhlalutye uthathela ingqalelo izinto ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngengqondo, ezemfundo, izinto eziguquguqukayo kwezentlalo, phakathi kwabanye.

Izixhobo

• Uphando lwenziwa kwindawo apho kukho ingxaki okanye into yokufunda.
• Umphengululi uyaphumelela Ukwandisa ulwazi lokhuseleko kunye nenkxaso xa uphatha ulwazi oluqokelelweyo.
• Ixhomekeke kwidatha yangaphambili ukuze ikwazi ukucwangcisa umsebenzi oza kwenziwa kunye nohlalutyo olulandelayo lolwazi oluqokelelweyo.
• Idatha eqokelelweyo ifunyenwe ngeendlela ezinje ngodliwanondlebe kunye namaphepha emibuzo.
• Umphandi kwezinye iimeko kufuneka axoke malunga nesazisi sakhe, ukuze afumane ulwazi ngakumbi kubantu abachaphazelekayo, umzekelo.

Zithini iindidi zophando lwentsimi?

Iindidi zinokwahlulwa ngokwamacandelo amabini: ukuhlola nokugxila ekuqinisekiseni ii-hypotheses; zazo ezahlukileyo ezahlukileyo zibonakala ngokwezizathu ezenza umphandi aye kwindawo yomdla.

• Uvavanyo: Inendawo yokuthatha inxaxheba komphandi kwindawo apho ikhoyo into yokufunda, ukuvavanya indawo kunye nokuhlalutya izinto ezinokujongwa; oku ukuzama ukufumana ipateni enxibelelana nemiba eyahlukeneyo kwaye ke ukwazi ukwenza "iingqikelelo" malunga nokuziphatha okuya kubakho.
• Ukuqinisekiswa kweengcinga: Lo ngulo mntu uphetheyo ekwenzeni uphando kufuneka ajongane nendalo apho kufundwa khona; kuba injongo yayo kukufumana inkcazo ngesi siganeko.

Amanqanaba 

Kuyimfuneko ukuba wazi izigaba ezenziwayo kwinkqubo yokucacisa; njengokumisela ingxaki, ukuvavanya izixhobo, ukukhetha izixhobo ezifanelekileyo okanye ubuchule, phakathi kwamanye amanyathelo esiya kubona ngezantsi.

Misela ingxaki

Eyona nto iphambili kukufumanisa ingxaki ukuba inyangwe kwaye ichazwe, oko kukuthi, nangona isenokuba yingxaki echaphazela kungekuphela indawo esiyikhethileyo, kodwa nezinye iisayithi ezikwindawo enye okanye kwihlabathi liphela; Injongo kukuzikhawulela kuphela ukuhlalutya nokuvavanya imeko Indawo yomdla wophando.

Khetha izixhobo ezifanelekileyo okanye ubuchule

Nje ukuba siyazi ingxaki, imeko okanye into echaphazela indawo, lixesha lokuba ukhethe izixhobo okanye ubuchule boluphando. Phakathi kwazo kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo onokukhetha kuzo, ezinje ngodliwanondlebe, amaphepha emibuzo, uvavanyo kunye nokunye, esiza kubona kwelinye icandelo.

Ukukhetha ubuchule obufanelekileyo, kuya kuxhomekeka kwingxaki ebonisiweyo kunye nenjongo okanye injongo yophando olo.

Sebenzisa izixhobo

Nje ukuba sikhethe ubuchule bokusebenzisa kuphando, kufuneka sazi ukuba sizisebenzisa njani ngokufanelekileyo nangokufanelekileyo. Umzekelo, xa silungiselela udliwanondlebe, kufuneka sazi ukuba yeyiphi imibuzo esiza kuyibuza abo bachaphazelekayo.

Uhlalutyo lwedatha

Xa kuqokelelwa idatha ngeendlela, kufuneka zihlalutywe ngendlela eyiyo; ukuze kungabikho ndawo yokuxhaphaza ngumphandi; kuba injongo yile fumana isisombululo sengxaki (ukuba ikho ngenene), ayingaphikisi ithiyori yomphandi, ethi ngamanye amaxesha inokuba iphosakele ukuba inqanaba lokuqala lophando lwentsimi liqale ngonyawo oluphosakeleyo.

Veza idatha efunyenweyo

Okokugqibela, kuya kusetyenziswa isixhobo esinjengesincoko (umzekelo) ukubonisa idatha efunyenwe kwingxaki, kunye neengcinga ezikhoyo malunga nayo kunye nezisombululo ezinokubakho okanye imibuzo emema umfundi ukuba abonakalise.

Zeziphi ezona ndlela zisetyenziswayo?

Zininzi ubuchule bophando endle enokusetyenziswa kolu hlobo lophando, nangona besesitshilo kwinqanaba "lokukhetha izixhobo", uya kuba nakho ukukhetha eyona isebenzayo ukulungiselela injongo yomsebenzi.

Umzekelo, kwimeko yokuvavanya izinto ezinobungakanani, ukusetyenziswa kwesaveyi kuyacetyiswa; Ngelixa elifanelekileyo, udliwanondlebe olungacwangciswanga lungcono kakhulu.

Uvavanyo lwentsimi

Uvavanyo luyavuma vavanya indlela abaziphethe ngayo abantu kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla, okusondeza umphandi kufutshane nemeko okanye into ayifunayo. Nangona kunjalo, ingxaki kukuba izifundo, ukuba zinolwazi ngovavanyo, zinokutshintsha okanye ziguqule inxenye yokuziphatha kwazo kwaye ke zibonelele ngedatha ephosakeleyo kuphando.

Ukujonga

Enye yeendlela ezisetyenzisiweyo, ngaphandle kwenjongo yomsebenzi, kuphela kokuba iyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kuwo. Umsebenzi wayo ayikuko "ukubona" ​​kuphela kodwa ukuhlalutya inkalo nganye, oko kukuthi, into yokufunda iya kuvavanywa ngazo zonke izivamvo. Inokuba njalo Isixando okanye umthathi-nxaxheba.

Kwimeko yokwenziwa, ibhekisa kwinto yokuba umphandi eqhubeka nokujonga kunye / okanye ukuhlalutya evela ngaphandle; Ngelixa umthathi-nxaxheba, njengoko igama layo lisitsho, kuxa umphandi akhoyo kwiqela elichaphazelekayo.

Survey

Yindlela enomdla kakhulu kwaye iluncedo, kuba ivumela ukuba yenziwe kwinani elikhulu labantu kwaye ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuba kunye nabo (singayithumela ngeposi, umzekelo). Obu buchule buvumela ukubuza abo bachaphazelekayo okanye abachaphazelekanga. Inye kuphela into yokuba kufuneka siyazi indlela yokucacisa imibuzo yayo.

U dliwano

Kunokuthiwa kuchasene nesaveyi, ngenxa yokuba ikwayindlela yokuphanda, kodwa apho sinxibelelana ngqo nabantu kuphando. Nangona kunjalo, zihambelana zombini.

• Obu buchule buvumela ukufumana idatha eneenkcukacha ezininzi kunye nokucaciswa, ukongeza kwinto yokuba abantu abanxibelelana kuzo bahlala benolwazi ngakumbi malunga nengxaki okanye into ekufuneka ifundwe.
• Kukho iifayile ze Udliwanondlebe olucwangcisiweyo okanye olungacwangciswanga. Eyokuqala ibhekisa kuleyo ngaphambili besicacisa uthotho lwemibuzo ngolandelelwano oluthile; Ngelixa owesibini kudliwanondlebe olukhululekileyo oluhlala lukhona xa singenayo idatha eyoneleyo yokucacisa imibuzo yohlobo lokuqala.

Amabali obomi

Iindlela apho kujongwe ukuqokelela idatha ebantwini ukulungiselela ukwandiswa kwememori edibeneyo (okanye yobuqu) ebhekisa kwinto yokufunda. Kule ndlela awukwazi ukuphulaphula abantu kuphela, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane idatha enomdla kwiileta, kumaphephandaba, phakathi kwabanye.

Amaqela engxoxo

Okokugqibela sifumana amaqela eengxoxo, ahlala esetyenziselwa iinjongo zomgangatho. Ezi zihlala zisetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo nodliwanondlebe, kuba idatha ifunyanwa kuqala ize iqhubeke vavanya iqela labantu ngolwazi oluthe kratya ngokubhekisele kubume bezentlalo neminye imiba.

Siyathemba ukuba ungeniso malunga nophando lwendawo, iimpawu zayo, amanqanaba kunye nobuchule kuye kwaba kukuthanda kwakho. Ukuba usenayo nayiphi na imibuzo okanye ufuna ukufaka igalelo ngakumbi kumxholo, ungathandabuzi ukusebenzisa ibhokisi yezimvo oza kuyifumana kancinci ezantsi.