Inguqu, eli ligama eliphambili elimisela amandla otshintsho ashukumisela ukuvela kweenkqubo, apho izinto ezithile zidityanisiwe kunika imixube emitsha. Ngaphambi kokwahluka okuqwalaselweyo kwinkqubo, yayisetyenziselwa ukubhenela kumagama angqongqo njengokutshatyalaliswa kunye nokunyamalala, kodwa umgaqo ongenakuphikiswa kukuba into ayenziwanga, okanye yonakaliswe, iyaguqulwa, Kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba xa ukungabikho kwento kugcinwa, oku kuthetha ukuba yaba yinxalenye yenye indawo.
Utshintsho lwekhemikhali lubandakanya ukuguqulwa kwezinto zibe yimixube emitsha, ethi nangona indibaniselwano yezinto zentsusa inokubonisa iipropathi ezahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Kukho iinkqubo apho utshintsho lubuyela umva, oko kukuthi, ngokusebenzisa ubuqhetseba boomatshini esinokwahlula kunye / okanye ukubuyisela umva utshintsho ekufumaneni izinto zoqobo (utshintsho lomzimba), ayisiyiyo imeko yenguqu yemichiza, kuba eyona nto iphambili kuyo kukungaguquguquki kwenkqubo, ke iimveliso ezifunyenweyo azinakubuyiselwa kwizinto zangaphambili.
Ukutshintsha kweekhemikhali
Zonke izinto ezenziwa ngamachiza zikhokelela kutshintsho lohlobo lweekhemikhali apho izinto ezisebenzayo zisenza iimveliso ezintsha ngokutshintsha ubume beemolekyuli, kunye nokudibana kweebhondi zazo.
Umgaqo wokumisela kwiinkqubo zamachiza uyalelwa umthetho wolondolozo lobunzima de Lavoisier, emisela ukuba ubunzima bebonke, kwiinkqubo zotshintsho lweekhemikhali, zihlala zingatshintshanga, oko kuthetha ukuba inani lobunzima obusetyenzisiweyo kwii-reactants kufuneka luboniswe kwiimveliso.
Iimpawu zeemveliso ezifunyenwe kutshintsho lweekhemikhali zixhomekeka kwizinto ezahlukeneyo:
Inani leeathom: Inani leeathom ezikhoyo kwicomputer nganye zinempembelelo enkulu kwimveliso yokugqibela, njengoko limisela inani leebhondi kunye nohlobo lwazo, kunye nefuthe ngokuthe ngqo kulwakhiwo lweemolekyuli zekhompawundi entsha. Ukujonga ngokomzekelo wokuba isiqalelo sekhabhoni esineeathom ezimbini ze-valence sisabela ngeoksijini (eyenzeka ngendlela engafaniyo), isiphumo sale mpendulo iya kuba yicarbon monoxide (CO) eyigesi eyityhefu. Kwelinye icala, ukuba sijonga imeko efanayo, kodwa ngeli xesha sinento yekhabhoni ene-valence ye-2, isiphumo sempendulo siya kuba yi-carbon dioxide (CO2), eyigesi ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezinjengefotosinthesisi nokuphefumla.
Ubushushu: Uninzi luthatha njengeyona nto ichazayo ekuphuhlisweni kwempendulo, kuba isixa esithile samandla siyimfuneko kwinkqubo ukuqala. Ukonyuka kweqondo lobushushu kuguqulela kwinyuko lesantya sokuphendula, nokuba kuyangxama okanye kuyaphela. Kungenxa yokuba, njengoko ubushushu busonyuka, inani leemolekyuli ezinamandla alinganayo okanye amakhulu kunamandla okuvula ayonyuka, ngokwenjenje lonyusa inani lokungqubana okusebenzayo phakathi kweeathom.
Umtsalane kunye nomkhosi wokugxotha: Ubungakanani bomzimba, okwabizwa ngokuba ngumrhumo wombane, omisela amandla atsala okanye agxothe iikhompawundi, ejonga amandla awo kazibuthe. Oku kumisela ukubanakho kwento yokwabelana ngeefotoni.
Uxinzelelo: Ukuxinana kwezinto ezithatha inxaxheba yinto emiselweyo kwimeko yempendulo, kuba ukuphakama koxinzelelo kunokubakho okukhulu kumanyano.
Iimpawu zotshintsho lweekhemikhali
- Azinakuphinda zibuyiswe, oko kuthetha ukuba zakuba izixhobo zidityanisiwe zaba yimveliso entsha, akunakwenzeka ukubahlulahlule ngokwamalungu abo okuqala.
- Ubume beemolekyuli zeentlobo ezithatha inxaxheba ziguqulwa ngokudibanisa.
- Bayafuna, kwaye emva koko banokukhupha amandla.
- Ubunzima bonke buhlala buhleli.
- Ukulungiswa kwenzeka kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo zezinto: ukunyibilika, indawo yokubilisa, ukunyibilika kunye noxinano.
Izibonakaliso zokuba utshintsho lweekhemikhali lwenzekile
Ukulungiselela ukwahlula xa siphambi kotshintsho lwekhemikhali, uthotho lwezinto ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo zidweliswe apha ngezantsi:
- Ubukho bentlenga okanye ukuthintela: Xa izinto ezimbini zixubene, siyakwazi ukwahlula ukuba impendulo yenzekile, ukuba siqaphela ubukho bendle, oko kuthetha ukuba ezinye zezinto ezintsha ezenziweyo azinyibiliki.
- Utshintsho lombala: Nokuba sidibanisa isalathi kumxube, okanye ukuba senza kuphela indibaniselwano yezinto ezisebenzayo, kuqhelekile ukujonga utshintsho kumbala wokuqala wekhompawundi xa kusenzeka utshintsho lweekhemikhali.
- Ukuvela kwegesi: Amaxesha amaninzi kwiimveliso zempendulo sifumana iigesi ezikhutshelwa kwindalo esingqongileyo.
- Utshintsho kwiipropathi ezisisiseko: Enye indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lwekhemikhali lwenzekile kukulinganisa iipropathi ezinje ngeasidi, ivumba, iipropathi zemagneti okanye zombane. Umahluko kubo umisela ukuyilwa kwemveliso entsha.
- Ukufakwa kobushushu okanye ukukhutshwa: Ukulinganisa ngokulula njengokwahluka okuzenzekelayo kubushushu bomxube.
U mzekelo
- Utshintsho lomthi okanye iphepha libe luthuthu xa liphantsi komthombo wobushushu.
- Ukwetyiswa kokutya, apho izinto ezintsonkothileyo ziguqulwa zenze iifom ezilula, ukuze umzimba ufumane izondlo eziyimfuneko.
- Ukuxuba izithako zokwenza isonka, kunye nokupheka kwaso okulandelayo.
- Ukuguqulwa kwewayini ibe yiviniga.
- Ukuvuthwa kobisi ukuvelisa iyogathi.
- Utshintsho lweoksijini lube yi-carbon dioxide, kutshintshiselwano olwenziwe egazini kwi-alveoli yemiphunga.
Eli nqaku lihle kakhulu, ndinamathandabuzo kuba kubonakala kum ukuba utshintsho lwekhemikhali ekubunjweni kweekhemikhali, ngokuchaseneyo nento ethethwa apha, UNGABUYISWA, amanzi angahlula abe ngu-H2 kunye no-0 kuba ndifundile ukuba kwixa elizayo, le nkqubo iyakusetyenziswa kwizithuthi, into efana naleyo iyakwenzeka ngenkqubo ye-photocatalyst eya kuthi ichithe ungcoliseko lube ngamacandelo alo angenabungozi ezixekweni.