Izincazelo zomlando zama-acids nezisekelo

Sekuyisikhathi eside, izinto ezinezici ezikhethekile ezinentshisekelo enkulu ebonakalayo bezisaziwa futhi zisetshenziswa, manje ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-acid nezisekelo, ezichazwa njengama-reagents ajwayelekile kakhulu amakhemikhali, lapho ingxenye enkulu yawo ingakhiwa. izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali kwimidiya enamanzi.

Kukhona ezinye ukusabela okubandakanya ama-acids nezisekelo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-acid-base, ukuze kufundwe ngayo, imigomo yokulingana kwamakhemikhali kufanele isetshenziswe ezixazululweni, kulolu hlobo lokuphendula kukhona into edlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu, ebizwa ngokuthi i-solvent, ngoba i-acid nezisekelo imvamisa ukushintshanisa ama-proton ngayo, ngenxa yalokhu futhi kungabizwa ngokuthi ukusabela kokushintshana kwe-proton.

Ezikhathini zasendulo kwakusaziwa vele ukuthi okunye ukudla okufana neviniga nolamula kunokunambitheka kwe-asidi, noma ngabe ngaze ngasazi isizathu sokunambitheka kwaso okukhethekile kwaze kwaba emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka adlule. Igama i-asidi empeleni livela olimini lwesiLatini lasendulo, ncamashi igama lalo elithi "acidus" elihumusha ngokuthi muncu.

Yini ama-acids?

Lokhu kubizwa njenganoma iyiphi inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali okuthi lapho kudlula inqubo yokuqedwa emanzini ikhiqize isisombululo ngomsebenzi we-hydronium cation omkhulu kunamanzi afanayo esimweni sayo esimsulwa, kulesi simo kwethulwa i-pH engaphansi kuka-7.

Noma iyiphi into enamakhemikhali enezici ze-asidi ibizwa ngokuthi izinto ezine-asidi

Izici ze-acids

Phakathi kwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu nezimpawu zama-acids kukhona okulandelayo.

• Banekhwalithi yokuphendula ngezinto ezibizwa ngokuthi izisekelo, ukuze bakhe usawoti kanye namanzi.
• Zonakalisa kakhulu ngenxa yezakhi zazo.
• Basebenza njengabaqhubi bakagesi abahle kakhulu ezindaweni ezinomswakama noma ezinamanzi.
• Bane- ukunambitheka okukhethekile okumuncu noma okumuncuIsibonelo salokhu kungaba ukudla okuqukethe i-citric acid njengamawolintshi, amalimu, izithelo zomvini, ulamula, phakathi kwabanye.
• Bangakwazi ukusabela ngama-oxide ensimbi ukwakha usawoti kanye namanzi, njengokuphendula abakwenzayo ngezinto eziyisisekelo.
• Kwezinye izimo zingaba yingozi, futhi zibangele nokusha kwesikhumba.
• Inekhono lokukhiqiza usawoti kanye ne-hydrogen ngenqubo yokuphendula ngezinsimbi ezisebenzayo.
• Inezimfanelo ezenza i-phenolphthalein, futhi nayo ingadala ukuthi iphepha le-litmus lishintshe imibala, ngokwesibonelo lisuka kolintshi liye kobomvu, futhi lisuka kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka liye kupinki.

Yiziphi izisekelo?

Lokhu kwaziwa nangokuthi i-alkali, umsuka wayo uvela olimini lwesi-Arabhu, ngqo kusuka egameni elithi "Al-Qaly", babizwa njengabo bonke labo izinto ezinezici ze-alkaline, yize kungabuye kunqunywe njengesixazululo okuthi, lapho sibekwa kwisisombululo esinamanzi, sethule ama-ion kulokho okuphakathi.

Izici zezisekelo

UBoyle unqume ukuthi lezi zinto yizo zonke lezo ezinezici ezilandelayo.

• Ekuthinteni kungabonakala ukuthi bayinsipho.
• Zibonakala ngokunambitheka kwazo okuvelele okubabayo.
• Banefayela le- ikhono lokuphendula ngama-acids, ukuze kukhiqizwe usawoti namanzi amaningi.
• Bangakwazi ukuguqula iphepha le-litmus lisuke kobomvu libe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
• Ziyancibilika emanzini, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngama-hydroxide.
• Iningi lalezi zinto okuthiwa yizisekelo ziyingozi esikhunjeni somuntu, ngoba zinezici ezilimaza izicubu.

Yize uBoyle namanye amakhemikhali amakhulu bazama kaningana ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ama-acid nezisekelo ziziphatha ngale ndlela, incazelo yokuqala yama-acid nezisekelo ayizange yamukelwe kuze kube yiminyaka engama-200 kamuva.

Ukusabela kwe-acid-base

Eyaziwa nangokuthi ukusabela kwe-neutralization, ibizwa ngokuthi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka phakathi kwe-asidi nesisekelo esiholela usawoti namanzi. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi igama usawoti lichaza noma iyiphi into enezici ze-ionic, i-cation yayo evela kusisekelo esithile.

I-Las ukusabela kwe-neutralizationlapho kufanele kube khona njalo ama-acid nezisekelo, ezimweni eziningi kuyabheda, okusho ukuthi bakhipha amandla kuzinqubo zabo, lokhu kusabela kubizwa ngokuthi yi-neutralizing ngoba lapho i-asidi ihlanganiswa nesisekelo, lokhu kuyanciphisana , Bashiya izakhiwo zabo zingasebenzi.

Umkhuba wokuphendula nge-Acid-base

Ukuqala ngenqubo yokusabela ekunciphiseni amandla, kuyadingeka ukuthi ube nebhodlela le-Erlenmeyer, lapho kufakwa khona isixazululo se-hydrochloric acid, bese kuthi kufakwe amaconsi ambalwa esibonisi se-phenolphthalein, kuguqula umbala obomvana kube yisisekelo esiphakathi, kepha uma etholakala endaweni ene-asidi futhi ayivezi umbala, ngakho-ke ayinambala.

Ama-acid ne-base neutralizers akhiqizwa ngokulinganayo, okusho ukuthi, "okulingana nokulingana", lokhu kusho ukuthi okulingana ne-asidi kuzohlala kungathathi ngokuphelele ngokuphelele ngokulingana kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesisekelo.

Ngemuva kwenqubo yangaphambilini, kufakwa isixazululo se-sodium hydroxide ku-burette bese ngokuvula ngokucophelela futhi kancane uvule umpompi, lapho iwa kancane kancane, izosabela nge-hydrochloric acid ukwakha amanzi ne-chloride. Lokhu kunomthelela wokuthi i-PH inyuke, namazinga e-asidi ancipha.

Lapho yonke i-asidi isetshenzisiwe, ithonsi elilandelayo lesisekelo lengezwa kusixazululo esiyisisekelo, ngomphumela wokuthi inkomba iphenduka ibe pink, lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi i-asidi ayisasebenzi ngokuphelele.

Ngokuvamile, isisindo sokulingana kwegremu sinqunywa ngokubheka uhlobo lwento, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinto zihlukile, ngayinye inezici zayo, ngokwesibonelo ukubalwa kasawoti akufani nokwe-asidi, futhi ucabangela uhlobo lokuphendula okwenziwayo, ngoba kuya ngohlobo lokuphendula ubukhulu bezinto buhlukile, ngakho izibalo azinakusetshenziswa kabusha.

Isisindo se-molar se-asidi esihlukaniswe ngenani lama-hydrogens angahlukaniswa naso silingana nobunzima begremu elilodwa elilingana ne-asidi enikeziwe.

Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwesisekelo phakathi kwazo zonke ezikhona i-hydroxide, futhi okulingana negramu yalo kunqunywa ngokuhlukanisa ubukhulu bayo be-molar ngenani lamaqembu e-OH ku-hydroxide.

Umthamo walokhu kusabela ubalwa ngokusebenzisa ifomula, evumela ukuthi kunciphise i-asidi enikeziwe isisekelo, ngokuba yilokhu: NKu Vkuze = Nb* Va, okokuqala kube yizici ze-asidi bese kuthi okusele kube izakhiwo zesisekelo.

Ukuze kubalwe ukujwayela kwesisombululo se-asidi, umuntu kufanele aqhubeke kanjena: ukujwayela = ukulingana.

Ukubaluleka kokuphendula kwe-acid-base

Banokubaluleka okufanelekile ngokwamandla abo njengamasu okuhlaziywa kwamanani amaningi, izinqubo zawo ezinqunywa njengeziqu ze-acid-base.

Ukwenza lokhu kusabela Isixazululo sesikhombi sivame ukusetshenziswa, esebenza njengomhlahlandlela wokwazi iphuzu le-neutralization, nokuthi likhula kanjani, noma kunezinqubo ezithile ze-electrochemical zokwenza imisebenzi ethile.

Izinhlobo ezintathu zokuphendula zingakhonjiswa ezihlukaniswe ngokuya ngezici zama-acid nezisekelo, ikakhulukazi ekutheni zibuthakathaka noma ziqinile, njengokulandelayo.

Ukusabela kwe-asidi ebuthakathaka nesisekelo

Kulezi kungabonakala ukuthi i-cation yesisekelo, kanye ne-anion ye-asidi ithola i-hydrolysis, ngakho-ke i-PH yabo ilingana no> 7 uma i-asidi ibuthakathaka, futhi uma isisekelo sibuthakathaka kuyi- <7.

Ukusabela phakathi kwesisekelo esiqinile ne-asidi ebuthakathaka

Kulokhu, kungabonakala ukuthi i-anion ye-asidi kuphela ethola i-hydrolysis, ngakho-ke i-PH yayo ihlala ku- <7.

Ukusabela phakathi kwesisekelo esibuthakathaka ne-asidi eqinile

Kulolu hlobo lokuphendula, kubonakala kuphela ukuthi i-base cation idlula kanjani ku-hydrolysis, ngakho-ke i-PH ekuyo ihlala> 7.

Ukuze ukhethe ukuthi iyiphi inkomba ephelele yohlobo ngalunye lokuphendula, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi i-PH yokugcina izoba kanjani, ukuze kubalwe kahle iphuzu lokulingana.

Izincazelo zomlando zokuphendula kwe-acid-base

Babebaningi izincazelo zale nqubo yokuphendula phakathi kwama-acid nezisekelo, ukubaluleka kokufanayo kukhonjiswa ngokomthamo wokuhlaziya okuqukethe ngamunye, nokuningi lapho kusetshenziswa ekunciphiseni ukusabela ngezinto ezinoketshezi noma ezinegesi, noma lapho izinhlamvu nezindawo zama-asidi nezisekelo ngokuvamile kungabonakali kangako.

Incazelo ka-Antoine Lavoisier

Ulwazi lukaLavoisier lwalukhawulelwe kuma-acid aqinile ekuqaleni, njengoba ayeqonde kakhulu ama-oxacids anesimo se-oxidation ephezulu kuma-athomu abo aphakathi, nawo lawo ayezungezwe ngama-athomu e-oxygen, kepha wayengenalo ulwazi olugcwele ngama-acid acid, ukwazile ukusungula ama-acid ngokuwabona njengokuqukethwe yi-oxygen, ngoba lokhu kwakudingeka asebenzise isiGreki sasendulo ukuqamba lo makhi we-asidi.

Lo mbono noma le ncazelo yabalwa njengeyona ebaluleke kakhulu eminyakeni engama-30 emangalisayo, kepha ngonyaka we-1810 kwashicilelwa udaba olukhombisa okunye ukuphikisana nezisekelo nezisekelo, okwenza incazelo kaLavoisier yalahlekelwa ukwethembeka.

Incazelo ye-Bronsted-Lowry  

Le ncazelo yenziwa ngokuzimela ngo-1923, okuyizisekelo zayo ezingabonwa ekuphakanyisweni kwezisekelo, ngenqubo yokuchithwa kwama-acids, engachazwa ngokuqonda okukhulu njengamandla we-acids akwazi ukunikela ngama-hydrogen cations ezisekelweni, ngubani qhubeka ukwamukela le nqubo.

Lokhu kunomehluko omkhulu nencazelo ye-Arrhenius, ngoba ayiqukethe ukwakheka kwamanzi nosawoti, kepha kunalokho kunama-asidi ahlanganisiwe nezisekelo, okutholwa ngokudluliswa kweproton engenza i-asidi ukuyiletha kuya esisekelweni.

Kule ncazelo, inguquko enkulu ingabonwa ngokwemigomo i-acids nezisekelo ezaziwa ngayo, ngoba i-asidi yaziwa njengenhlanganisela enekhono lokunikela nge-proton, kuyilapho izisekelo ziyizo zonke lezo zinto ezinikwe amandla ukuthola iproton, ngenxa yalokhu, kungashiwo ukuthi ukusabela kwe-acid-base ukuqeda i-hydrogen cation kusuka ku-asidi, futhi ngokuzenzakalela ukwengezwa kwalokhu kusisekelo.

Le nqubo ifuna ukubhekisa ekususweni kwe-proton kusuka ku-nucleus ye-athomu, le nqubo akulula ukuyifeza, ngoba ukuhlukaniswa okulula kwama-asidi akwanele, kepha kunalokho kuyadingeka ukuqhubeka nokuqedwa i-cation hydrogen.

Lewis incazelo

Le ncazelo ifaka izisekelo zethiyori ye-Bronsted-Lowry kanye nomqondo wokuthi lokhu kuhlongozwayo ngohlelo lokuxazulula kuphela, le mbono yamiswa ngo-1923 ngusokhemisi uGilbert Lewis.

Kule ncazelo uLewis uphakamisa isisekelo, asiqambe ngokuthi "i-Lewis base" enekhono lokunikela ngama-elekthronikhi nama-asidi njengo- "Lewis acid" ekubeni lokhu kungumamukeli ofanele walezi zinhlaka zombane. Le ncazelo yehluke ngokuphelele kuleyo ehlongozwayo neyabhalwa ngenhla, ngoba ayisho ukuthi ama-acid nezisekelo zikalwa ngama-proton noma okuthile okuboshiwe.

Lokhu kucatshangwa emcabangweni wakhe wokuthi i-anion yayiyi-asidi, futhi i-cation kwakuyisisekelo esine-elekthronikhi engabelwanga eyabelwe, uma le ncazelo isetshenziswa, impendulo ye-acid-base ingaqondakala njengoba umnikelo oqondile we-elektroniki uza kusuka ku-anion, ukuletha ku-cation, ukuphatha ukwakha isibopho esihlanganisiwe se-covalent. Le nhlanganisela yaziwa njengokwakhiwa kwenhlanganisela ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni, emanzini.

Incazelo ka Liebig

Lokhu kwahlongozwa ngo-1828, emashumini eminyaka ambalwa kamuva kunoLavoisier, le mbono yayisekelwe emsebenzini wakhe omkhulu wokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali e-organic acids. Ngaphambi kwale ncazelo kwakukhona ukuhlukaniswa kwezimfundiso okwakuqalwa nguDavy, owawugxile kakhulu kunoma yini kuma-acids asuselwa ku-oxygen, kanye nama-acids asuselwa ku-hydrogen.

Ngokusho kukaLiebig i-asidi ingachazwa njengezinto eziqukethe i-hydrogen uqobo, futhi engashintshwa noma ishintshwe yinsimbi. Le mbono yize isuselwe kakhulu ezindleleni zobuciko, ikwazile ukusebenza iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu.

Incazelo ye-Arrhenius

Usokhemisi waseSweden uSvante Arrhenius wafuna ukwenza isimanje imigomo nezincazelo ezazinikezwe ukusabela okwenzeka phakathi kwama-acid nezisekelo, nakho lokho kwafuna ukwenza imigomo yalokhu ibe lula.

Ngo-1884 wenza umsebenzi ohlanganyelwe noFriedrich Wilhelm lapho bakwazi khona ukuthola ubukhona bama-ion ngesixazululo samanzi, ngenxa yokubaluleka komsebenzi othile u-Arrhenius wanikezwa ithuba elihle lokuthola umklomelo weNobel eKhemistry ngonyaka 1903.

Incazelo yendabuko ye-aqueous acid-base ingachazwa njengokwakheka okuhlukile kwengxenye eyaziwa njengamanzi avela ku-hydroxyl ne-hydrogen ions, noma futhi nokwakhiwa kwalokhu kusuka ekuhlukanisweni kwama-acid kanye nesisekelo esisisombululo samanzi.

Incazelo kaPearson (eqinile-ethambile)

Le ncazelo yathunyelwa nguRalph Pearson ngo-1963, yize yathuthukiswa ngamandla amakhulu ngo-1984 isekelwa umsebenzi kaRobert Parr, ogama lakhe lingu-reaction acid-base hard-soft, lezi zichasiso zisetshenziswa ngale ndlela elandelayo, iSoft isetshenziselwa ukubhekisela ezinongweni ezinkulu, ezinendawo ephansi  i-oxidation ithi, futhi ahlukaniswe ngokuqinile, i-Hard isetshenziselwa ukubhekisa ezinhlotsheni ezincane kunazo zonke, futhi zibonakala ngokuba nezimo eziphezulu ze-oxidation.

Le ncazelo ibe wusizo olukhulu kuzinqubo zamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo nezingaphili, futhi imikhuba yayo emikhulu ikhombisa ukuthi ama-acid nezisekelo zingasebenzisana, futhi okuvame kakhulu ukusabela kwamakhemikhali anezici ezifanayo, njengesibonelo ukuthamba -soft, noma kanzima.

Le mbono yaziwa nangokuthi yincazelo ye-ABDB, ewusizo olukhulu ekubikezeleni imikhiqizo yokuphendula kwe-metathesis. Namuhla sekufakazelwe ukuthi lokhu kusabela kungakhombisa ukuzwela nokusebenza kwezinto eziqhumayo.

Le mbono isuselwe kakhulu kuzimpawu zekhwalithi kuneziyinani, ezisiza ukuqonda ngendlela elula izici ezivelele zamakhemikhali kanye nokuphendula.

Incazelo ka Usanovich

UMikhail Usanovich, usokhemisi waseRussia, naye wenza incazelo yalokho okushiwo ukuphendula kwe-acid-base, futhi kungashiwo ukuthi lokhu yikho okuhlanganiswe kakhulu kunakho konke, lapho kunqunywa khona ukuthi ama-acid yizo zonke lezo zinto zamakhemikhali ezikwaziyo yamukela izinhlobo ezingezinhle, noma lokho, ukwehluleka lokho, kunikele ngezinhlobo ezinhle, umqondo wesisekelo onikezwa ngu-Usanovich, okuphambene nalawo ama-acid.

Ukusabela kwama-acid nezisekelo eziphakanyiswa yilomakhemisi waseRussia kuqondana nokunye ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali, okwaziwa ngokuthi yi- "redox reaction" okubandakanya ukusabela okwehlisa uketshezi, ngakho-ke akuthandi amakhemikhali.

Iningi lokuphendula okuhlongozwayo kusekelwe ekwakhiweni kwebhondi kanye nasekudilikeni, kepha ama-redox no-Usanovich asethwe njengezinqubo zokudluliswa kwe-elekthronikhi ngokomzimba, okwenza umehluko phakathi kwalaba bobabili usabalale ngokuphelele.

Incazelo ye-Lux-Flood

Le ncazelo ivame ukusetshenziswa kwi-geochemistry yanamuhla naku-electrochemistry kasawoti oncibilikisiwe, okuthunyelwa kwayo kwenziwa ngo-1939 ngusokhemisi waseJalimane owaziwa njengoHermann Lux, yaphinde yathuthukiswa futhi yathuthukisa kakhulu ngo-1947 usokhemisi uHakon Flood, ngenxa yalesi sizathu kulokhu kusabela ngezibongo ezimbili ezifanayo.

Kulokhu singabona imiqondo ekhetheke kakhulu yama-acid nezisekelo, isisekelo singumnikeli wezinyoni ze-oxide, kuyilapho ama-acids engabemukeli bezinyoni ezishiwoyo.

Incazelo yohlelo lwe-solvent

Le ncazelo ibaluleke kakhulu ukuyazi maqondana nalolu daba, ngoba osokhemisi abaningana abenze imibono yabo eminyakeni edlule bake baphawule ngohlelo lwama-solvent, olususelwa ekwakhiweni kwencazelo ye-Arrhenius evezwe ngenhla.

Kunezinhlobo ezithile zezinhlobo ezivumayo iningi lala ma-solvents, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-solvonium cations, futhi ngokwehluleka lokho, nazo zinezinhlobo ezingezinhle ezifana nama-solvonium anions, asesimweni sokulingana nama-molecule angathathi hlangothi we-solvent.

Kule ncazelo, isisekelo singachazwa ngokuthi yi-solute ebangela ukwanda kokuhlushwa kwama-solvonium cations, kuyilapho ama-acid kuyilawo abangela ukwehla kwezinyoni ze-solvonium.

Le ncazelo incike kuzo zombili izinto eziyinhlanganisela kanye ne-solvent, ngakho-ke kuya nge-solvent ekhethiwe, i-compound ingaba namandla okuguqula indlela yayo yokuziphatha.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi osokhemisi abehlukene abavela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba, nezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, ngamunye wakhuluma futhi waphakamisa incazelo ehlukile esihlokweni esifanayo, futhi lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu esifundweni nasemlandweni wekhemistri, ngoba ukuhlangana wonke lawa magama, kube nokwenzeka ukwazi kangcono kakhulu zonke izici ezicatshangelwe mayelana nama-acid nezisekelo kanye nokusabela kwazo okungathathi hlangothi.