Inqubo yocwaningo lwamagesi ahloniphekile nendima yayo ezimbonini

Ngaphakathi kwamakhemikhali, kunezinto ezingenakubalwa ezingahle noma ezingahlobene. Kunezinsimbi, okungezona izinsimbi, ama-lanthanides nama-actinide, izinsimbi zenguquko kanye nemihlaba ene-alkaline; futhi-ke sinakho enye yezakhi zamakhemikhali Obani esingabanakile kangako ngesikhathi samakilasi e-chemistry, futhi kakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngokuqhubeka nezimpilo zethu. Ngikhuluma nje, ngamagesi ahloniphekile.

Lezi zinto, njengoba zivame kakhulu emvelweni, asikwazi ukuhlaziya okuningi. Lapha sizofunda ngomlando wamagesi ahloniphekile, ukusetshenziswa kwawo nezakhiwo zawo, kanye nezinye izifiso. Hlala lapha ufunde izinto ezipholile kakhulu ngamagesi amahle.

Ake sazi amagesi

Ziyiqembu lezakhi zamakhemikhali ezinezakhiwo ezifanayo kakhulu komunye nomunye. Isibonelo, ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile azinambala, zingenaphunga, amagesi e-monatomic, futhi anokuphinda kusebenze kabusha kwamakhemikhali. Lezi zitholakala kuqembu le-18 lethebula lezikhathi, futhi zaziwa njenge: I-Helium, neon, i-Xenon, i-Argon, i-Krypton, i-radioactive: i-Radon, kanye nokwenziwa: i-Oganeson.

Izici zayo zingachazwa ngemibono ekhona yesimanje ngesakhiwo se-athomu. Igobolondo labo lama-valent electron libhekwa njengeliphelele, elibanikeza ukuthambekela okulinganiselwe kokubamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali, futhi kungesinye sezizathu esenza bangaqondakali kahle. Eqinisweni, zimbalwa kakhulu izakhi zegesi ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezilungiselelwe kuze kube namuhla.

Siwathathaphi la magesi ahloniphekile?

Sithola i-neon, i-argon, i-xenon ne-krypton emoyeni besebenzisa izindlela ze-distillation ne-liquefaction. I-Helium itholakala kugesi wemvelo, lapho kufanele yehlukaniswe khona ngokwejwayelekile. Futhi i-radon itholakala ngokubola kwemisebe yamakhemikhali ancibilike e-radium.

Futhi i-Oganeson iyinto yokwenziwa eyenziwe ngonyaka we-2002, futhi eyathola igama layo le-IUPAC ngo-2016. Kuyaziwa ukuthi iyasebenza futhi ayizinzile, ngakho-ke awumningi umsebenzi owenziwe ngayo.

Lawa magesi abe nokusetshenziswa okubaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wokukhanyisa, wokushisela nowokuhlola isikhala. I-Trimix, okuyisisombululo se-helium-oxygen-nitrogen, isetshenziswa ukuze abatshuzi bangatholi umthelela we-narcotic we-nitrogen ekujuleni. Yini enye, ngemuva kokwazi izingozi ezivuthayo ze-hydrogen, lokhu kwafakwa i-helium ekwakheni ama-airship namabhaluni omoya ashisayo.

Izici zala magesi

Amagesi ahloniphekile athola igama lawo ekuhumusheni kusuka esiJalimane i-edelgas, igama elisetshenziswe okokuqala ngqa ngo-1898 usokhemisi uHugo Erdman. Ngaleli gama ifune ukubhekisa ezingeni eliphansi lokuphinda lisebenze yalezi zinto. Eqinisweni, lezi yizinto ezisebenza kancane ezaziwayo, kangangoba azisebenzi kahle noma azisebenzi.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi banegobolondo eliphelele le-valence elibashiya benamandla aphansi okukhipha ama-electron futhi lenze isimilo sabo sisondele kuleso segesi elifanele.

Ngokuvamile, amagesi amahle ahlanganyela izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene.

• Ziyizinto ezingezona ezensimbi: Njengoba ingamagesi, ayinayo inhlayiya yensimbi ngaphakathi kokufana kwayo. Ngasikhathi sinye abakwazi ukuphendula ngezinye izinsimbi.
• Azinambala futhi azinaphunga: yize benganikezwa imibala kuma-bulb namalambu eyenziwe ngalezi gesi ezisebenzisa ugesi, ekuqaleni ayinambala, futhi ayinaphunga.
• Banesendlalelo esigcwele se-valence: I-Neon, i-xenon, i-argon, i-krypton, ne-radon inama-electron ayisishiyagalombili kugobolondo lawo lokugcina. Ngokwengxenye yayo, i-helium inama-electron amabili. Ngale ndlela, amagesi amahle anegobolondo eliphelele le-valence. Kungakho, ezimweni ezijwayelekile, lezi zinto azenzi izixhumanisi.
• Zikhona njengamagesi e-monatomic: Njengoba kuqondakala, lezi zinto, ngisho ne-athomu enkulu kunazo zonke, zine-athomu eyodwa kuphela.

• Bacishe bangasebenzi: Ngenxa ye-valence yabo ephelele nobunzima babo ekulethweni kwama-electron, kubhekwa njengokungenzi lutho.

• Baqhuba ugesi futhi bakhiqiza i-fluorescenceYize ephansi kakhulu, la magesi ayakwazi ukuqhuba ugesi, futhi ngokwenza njalo akhanya ngokukhanya okukhulu.

• Banendawo yokuncibilika ephansi futhi ebilayoLawa magesi amahle anamaphuzu ancibilika kakhulu futhi abilayo.

• Banokuphambanisa okuphansi kakhulu: lezi zinto zinamandla aphansi kakhulu

• Banamandla aphezulu e-ionization: Amandla akho e-ionization empeleni aphakeme kakhulu esikhathini sakho.
• Azishisi: Ngisho ngenxa yenkomishi evuthayo ye-hydrogen, yathathelwa indawo yi-helium lapho kwakhiwa imikhumbi yomoya namabhaluni.

Njengaku-reactivity, amandla abo e-interatomic nawo abuthakathaka kakhulu, yingakho enamazinga okushisa ancibilika aphansi futhi abilayo, futhi wonke angamagesi e-monatomic ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, kufaka phakathi amagesi anesisindo esiphezulu se-athomu.

I-Helium inezindawo eziningi ezingekho enye igesi enhle noma enye into etafuleni lezinsuku. Kwakhe Iphuzu lokuncibilika liphansi kakhulu kuzo zonke ezaziwayo, ngaphandle kokuba ukuphela kwento enesimo sokungafuneki; isimo lapho udaba lisesimweni soketshezi, kepha lungasebenza ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla e-kinetic. I-Helium idinga ingcindezi engu-25atm kanye nezinga lokushisa lika -272ºC ukuze likwazi ukuqina.

Igobolondo labo eliphelele le-valence libuye libhekele la magesi anamandla aphezulu e-ionization (aphakeme kakhulu kuthebula lesikhathi). futhi ayikwazi ukwakha ion kalula, ekhombisa ukuzinza kwayo ekucushweni kwayo ngogesi.

Amandla we-ionization ayancipha njengoba iqembu lincipha, ngoba i-radius ye-athomu iyanda futhi ama-elektroni e-valence aqhelelene ne-nucleus ngakho-ke ayakhangwa kakhulu kuwo. Lokhu kudala ukuthi, yize isikhathi sayo siphezulu kakhulu, amanye amagesi amahle anakho amandla afanayo e-ionization kulokho kwezinye izinto. Isibonelo, amandla we-ionization we-xenon aqhathaniswa namandla we-ionization we-oxygen.

Ukusetshenziswa kwala magesi

Ngokuthola amaphuzu aphansi abilayo futhi ancibilika, ziwusizo ngokukhethekile ekwenzeni imishini yesiqandisi, Futhi ibenza babe lusizo njengamafriji we-cryogenic futhi.

I-Liquid helium, ebila ku-4,2K (-268,93ºC) isetshenziswa ekwakheni odonsa ngamandla amakhulu, njengalawo asetshenziselwa ukucabanga ngamagnetic resonance kanye ne-nuclear magnetic resonance.

I-Liquid neon, yize ingafinyeleli emazingeni okushisa aphansi e-liquid helium, inezicelo eziningi kuma-cryogenics, ngoba inamandla Ukupholisa okuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-40 kune-helium ewuketshezi futhi iphindwe kathathu kunaleyo ye-hydrogen ewuketshezi.

I-Helium isetshenziswa njengengxenye yamagesi aphefumulayo ukufaka i-nitrogen esikhundleni, ngenxa yayo ukuncibilika okuphansi kuketshezi, ikakhulukazi kuma-lipids. Amagesi angena egazini nasezicutshini zomzimba lapho kunengcindezi, efana ne-scuba diving, eveza umphumela wokubulala izinzwa obizwa ngokuthi ukujula kokugula. Ngenxa yokuncibilika kwayo okuncane, i-helium encane ingena ezingqamuzaneni zeseli, esiza ukunqanda umphumela we-narcotic.

Ngenxa yokushisa okuphansi nokukhanya kwayo, futhi ngemuva kwenhlekelele yaseHindenburg yango-1937, i-helium yathatha indawo ye-hydrogen lapho kwenziwa uphethiloli, noma ngabe ilahlekile amandla ka-8,6%

Lawa magesi asetshenziselwa ukukhanyisa ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo. Ekwakheni ama-incandescent bulbs ingxube ye-argon ne-nitrogen isetshenziselwa ukuwagcwalisa. IKrypton isetshenziswe kuma-bulb wokusebenza aphezulunjengezibani ze-halogen, ezinokushisa kombala okuphezulu nokusebenza ngempumelelo okukhulu.

IXenon ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa amalambu e-xenon, okuthi, ngokufeza isibani esikhanyayo esifana nokukhanya kwemini, asetshenziswe kumaphrojektha amafilimu kanye namalambu emoto.

Kwezokwelapha, i-helium isetshenziselwa ukwenza ngcono ukuphefumula kweziguli zesifuba somoya. I-Xenon ingasetshenziswa njenge-anesthetic Ngenxa yokuncibilika kwayo okuphezulu kuma-lipids, okwenza ukuthi isebenze kangcono kune-nitrous oxide ejwayelekile, futhi njengoba isuswa kalula ngumzimba, ivumela ukutakula ngokushesha.

Ukuthwetshulwa kwezithombe okwenziwa nge-nuclear magnetic resonance, kune-xenon ehlangene namanye amagesi. I-Radon, enemisebe kakhulu futhi etholakala kuphela ngamanani wokulandelela, isetshenziswa ekwelashweni ngemisebe yokwelashwa ngemisebe.

Ukukhiqiza nokuchichima

Ubuningi nobulula lapho amagesi amahle angatholwa khona ahluke kakhulu kunani lawo le-athomu. Ngakho-ke, ubuningi bala magesi buyancipha njengoba inani lawo le-athomu landa.

Emkhathini, i-helium yinto yesibili elula kunazo zonke ongayithola, ngemuva kwe-hydrogen, enamaphesenti amaningi cishe angama-24%. Iningi lesilinganiso se-helium endaweni yonke lakhiwa yi-primordial nucleosynthesis, kepha inani lalo liyakhula ngenxa yokubamba iqhaza kwe-hydrogen ku-stellar nucleosynthesis (inqubo evela ngokuziphendukela kwenuzi ngesikhathi senqubo yezinkanyezi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo).

Amanye amagesi awacishe abe maningi noma alula ukuthola. I-Radon, isibonelo, ingaba ifomu ku-lithosphere ngokubola kwe-alpha kwe-radium; Khonamanjalo yena I-xenon isungule umbono owaziwa ngokuthi "ithiyori ye-xenon elahlekile" ngenxa yemali yayo ephansi kakhulu emkhathini.

Ake sixoxe kancane ngalunye

• Helio: Ngenxa yokushisa kwayo okuncane, futhi ngenxa yokuthi iyinto elula yesibili ukuyithola, ikwazile ukufaka esikhundleni i-hydrogen njengento engaba namandla okugcwalisa amabhaluni kanye ne-zeppelins, ngoba aziqhumi lapho zihlangana nomlilo.
• Neon: Le gesi, ngenxa ye-fluorescence yayo nombala wayo obomvu osawolintshi otholakale lapho ihlangana nogesi, isetshenziselwa ukukhangisa. Kutholakala kalula kwizibani ze-neon. Ungathola futhi amashubhu we-neon namalambu aneminye imibala, yize empeleni enamanye amagesi ngaphakathi.
• I-Argon: Le gesi isetshenziswa kumalambu we-incandescent ngoba ayithinti intambo ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuphezulu nezingcindezi. Kumashubhu we-fluorescent kukhiqiza umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Iphinde isetshenziswe emkhakheni wezimboni ukugwema ukusabela okungafuneki kwamakhemikhali.
• IKrypton: Isetshenziswa kanye namanye amagesi ekwakheni nasekukhiqizeni amalambu ukukhanyisa esikhumulweni sezindiza, ngenxa yamandla amalambu abomvu akhishiwe; ingasetshenziswa futhi kuma-cinema projektha. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-krypton kuyasiza futhi ekuhlinzweni kwe-laser retina.
• Xenon: ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-Xenon ukukhuliswa kokukhanya okukhanyayo okunezici ze-bactericidal; amashubhu akhanyayo, ukukhanya kwezithombe, kanye nakumashubhu we-fluorescent anekhono lokujabulisa i-ruby laser.
• URadon: Le gesi yenziwa ukubola kwe-uranium emsakazweni. Ngenxa yalokhu futhi ngoba kunemisebe kakhulu, inezicelo ezimbalwa kakhulu empilweni yansuku zonke.

Ukuzindla 

Yize zihlanganiswe ngandlela thile kunzima ukukuthola esimweni semvelo (ngaphandle, mhlawumbe kwe-helium), futhi ngoba zikhiqiza noma zivumela ukusabela okumbalwa ngazo, amagesi amahle ayizakhi ezibalulekile esizibonayo, futhi esizisebenzisayo nsuku zonke.

Mhlawumbe ukusetshenziswa kwabo kukhawulelwe emikhakheni ethile, kepha lokho akusho ukuthi akusizi ngalutho ngokuphelele. Ukusuka ekukhanyiseni amakhaya ethu ngamalambu akhanyayo namalambu, ekugcineni ukudla kwethu lapho kusetshenziswa eziqandisini, kuze sindisa izimpilo lapho zisetshenziswa kwezokwelaphaLa magesi, awemvelo noma okwenziwa, awakakhombisi konke abangasenzela khona. Futhi kuqinisekile ukuthi, njengoba ucwaningo luqhubeka, ukusetshenziswa kwalo kuzoba kukhulu kakhulu.