IRepublic yaseMexico kwakuyindawo lapho abanye impucuko endala futhi ethuthuke kakhulu eMelika, eyaziwa ngokuthi amasiko aseMesoamerican ngenxa yesifunda sezwekazi laseMelika elihlanganisa zombili eningizimu yeMexico nezindawo zaseGuatemala, i-El Salvador, iBelize nezindawo ezisentshonalanga zamaRiphabhulikhi aseNicaragua, eHonduras naseCosta Rica.
Lawa masiko agcinwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi hhayi kuphela ngumsebenzi wabaphenyi. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, kube ngenxa yemikhondo abayishiyile ngenqubekela phambili yabo eqhubekayo ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ezinjengezolimo, ezobuciko, ezokwakha, izibalo, phakathi kokunye.
Izici zamasiko aseMesoamerica
Izici ezivelele kakhulu ezabiwe ngamasiko aseMesoamerica ukusetshenziswa kwamakhalenda (okulima okukodwa kwezinsuku ezingama-260 kanye nokunye kwezinsuku ezingama-365), ukubhala ngezithombe nezithombe zokubhala; i-cocoa nezitshalo zommbila, lezi ezedlule nazo zihamba ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-nixtamalization, iguqula ukudla kube ngosayizi.
Ezinye izici ezifanayo zezici ze- ukusebenza kokukhulekelwa kobuNkulunkulu yilabo ababengamele inkolelo yabo nokuba kwabo; imihlatshelo yabantu, umkhuba wemidlalo enjengokunikela, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zemikhosi (isakhiwo sephiramidi), ukwenza imifanekiso eqoshwe emifanekisweni (ikakhulukazi yabesifazane ukuze bakhonze ukuzala) kanye nohlelo olungokwasezulwini.
Ngaphandle kwezici ezahlukahlukene ezifanayo, isiko ngalinye lalinendlela yalo yokusebenza nokuthuthukisa izinto; ukuba okubaluleke kakhulu kunezinye ngenxa yesilinganiso nesampula esiphezulu.
Ekuphenyweni kokuqala, kufaka phakathi lezo ze- Christian duverger, wabona ukuthi ama-Aztec ahamba phambili ohlwini phakathi kwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ezivelele, kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwavela ezinye izifundo ezaziphikisa leyo mibono zaze zahlaziya nokuthi sasingekho isikhundla kodwa amasiko aseMesoamerican ayewumkhiqizo wabantu abaningi futhi izinkolelo.
Amasiko abanzi
Imaya
Babeyiqembu labantu bomdabu ababehlala ezifundazweni zaseMexico iYucatán, Campeche, Tabasco naseChiapas, engxenyeni enkulu yeGuatemala kanye nasezifundeni zaseBelize naseHonduras. Ukuqomisana emuva cishe eminyakeni eyi-1000 ngaphambi kukaKristu.
Enye yezimpawu ezivelele yi ukudalwa kolimi olubhaliwe "kuphela" lwe-pre-Columbian America, eyaziwa njenge-glyphic. Baphinde bagqama ngokuba yibo abanikeze iqhaza elikhulu kwezobuciko, ezokwakha, izinhlelo zezibalo nezomkhathi. Bebenakho nokucacile ukuthi umnotho wabo ubuswa ngokuphelele ezolimo futhi batshale ukhokho, ukotini, ubhontshisi, umdumbula, ubhatata ikakhulukazi ummbila.
Ngokuqondene nokwakhiwa kwayo, okwakumkhulu kakhulu, amanxiwa ahlukahlukene futhi amakhulu agcinwa ezindaweni ezinjengeCopán, iTikal, iUaxactún, iQuiriguá, iBonampak, iTulún neChichén Itzá, iPalenque, iUxmal neMayapán; ukuthi babewuhlobo oluthile lwamathempeli lapho kwenziwa khona izinkolo.
Enye yemininingwane efanelekile yempucuko yamaMaya namuhla ukuthi emibhalweni yekhulu le-14 yadalwa ngolimi lwesiMayan nge-alfabhethi lesiLatini, okwaholela endabeni edumile nebalulekile ngomlando wabantu baseMayan nokwakhiwa komhlaba ., 'Popol Vuh'.
Namuhla abantu basemaphandleni baseYucatan naseGuatemala, ingxenye enkulu, bangamaMeya. Futhi ulimi lwabo, olwaziwa nangokuthi yiYucatecan, lukhulunywa ngabantu abalinganiselwa ku-350.000.
Ama-Aztec
Babengabantu abathandekayo, benombuso omiswe kahle maphakathi naseningizimu yeMexico eMesoamerica, kusukela ngekhulu le-14 kuya kwelesi-16.
Ngokusho kocwaningo, amandla okusungula uhulumeni wobushiqela onamandla kanjena kungenxa yamandla abawanikeze ukukholelwa emiqondweni yabo. Enye yezimpumelelo zakhe ezivelele yi ukudalwa kwedolobha laseTenochtitlán, etholakala eMexico City yamanje, inhlokodolobha yezwe.
Ngokuqondene nezinto ezidaliwe ezirekhodiwe, kunamabhuloho axhumanise idolobha nezwekazi, kanye nemisele yamanzi nemisele esetshenziselwe ukuthutha impahla.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umnotho walesi siko ubususelwa emakethe. Okuthengiswayo kwathunyelwa eMelika Ephakathi kanye nasezindaweni zombuso wama-Aztec uqobo futhi lokhu kwatholakala ngezivumelwano nezindawo ezazinqotshiwe.
Elinye ilukuluku ukuthi umphakathi wempucuko yabo wehlukaniswe ngezigaba zezigqila, abantu abavamile nabahlonishwa. Futhi isu lelo kwakungalokho okwaziwa ngamasiko nezindaba, okungukuthi, ubugqila buqashwe ngamakhosi, bangathenga nenkululeko yabo, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Okuncane kakhulu okuvulekile
- Isiko le-Olmec: Abantu basendulo bama-Olmec we-Gulf eseningizimu yeMexico baziwa ngokusungula impucuko endala eMesoamerica, okuyiMexico neCentral America. Isikhathi sihlehlela emuva cishe nge-1500 kuya ku-900 BC Ngokuya ngocwaningo, indawo yayo emaphakathi ibithathe cishe i-18.000 km2, emahlathini emifula yamachibi ezifunda zamanje zaseMexico iVeracruz neTabasco, ebonakala ngokuba ixhaphozi.
- Isiko lamaZapoteki: Zisukela ku-800 a. we-C eMonte Albán (Mexico), ophela ngonyaka we-1521 d. C. ngenkathi amaMixtec enqoba izikhungo ezinkulu zeZapotec, isifunda sogu lolwandle iPacific Ocean kanye nenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMexico.
Njengesiko laseTeotihuacan, iZapotec yayingenye yamasiko amakhulu eMesoamerica ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuqashelwa kwakhe okukhulu kwenzelwa indalo yobuciko enezimpaphe nokwenza ubucwebe.
- Isiko laseTeotihuacan: Enye yezinto ezaziwa kakhulu ukwenziwa kwesiko elibaluleke kakhulu lobuciko obuphakathi kweMexico yasendulo, ngonyaka ka-200 BC. C. Ukukwazi ukunwebela kulokho osekuyiGuatemala manje. Kuthiwa isigaba esihle kakhulu sale mpucuko senzeka phakathi kuka-350 no-650 AD. nguC.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi impucuko yaseTeotihuacan ingelinye lamathonya amakhulu kumasiko aseMesoamerican.
- Isiko laseToltec: AmaToltec kwakungabantu bomdabu baseMexico basuka enyakatho yendawo manje eyiMexico, ngemuva kokwehla (cishe ngo-700 AD) wedolobha elikhulu iTeotihuacán, nokwasungula umbuso wezempi eTula, amakhilomitha angama-64 enyakatho yedolobha laseMexico lanamuhla. , ngekhulu le-XNUMX AD
- Isiko leChichimeca: Kwakungabantu besiko eliphakeme lesifunda esiphakathi neMexico kubakhileyo ezifundeni ezinkulu zasenyakatho, ababhekwa njengabakudala. Ngokwabaphenyi, ngolimi lwesiNahuatl igama elithi Chichimeca lingasho ukuthi 'abohlu lozinja'.
- Isiko leMixtec: Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi isiko lamaMixtec laqhamuka eningizimu yeMexico kusukela ngekhulu lesi-9 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 leminyaka.Babaziwa ngomsebenzi wabo wamatshe nezinsimbi ezahlukahlukene. Ngokwamakhono abo, babeyizindwangu zemibala, izimpahla zobumba ezihlotshisiwe ze-polychrome, nokweluka izindwangu nokuhlobisa.
Ubuciko bakhe abukwazanga ukudlulwa futhi amalungu akhe anokuhlonishwa kwezingcweti ezidume kakhulu eMexico.