Imisebenzi eyi-15 yemibhalo emele kakhulu ye-Renaissance

Kucatshangelwa "ukuzalwa kabusha"Kuze kube inkathi esukela ku-1400 kuya ku-1600 emva kukaKristu, okungukuthi, kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX kuya kwele-XNUMX. Lokhu kwakuyinhlangano yamasiko eyaqala eYurophu, lapho yize isici esashintsha kakhulu kwakuyizincwadi, izinto ezintsha emkhakheni wesayensi nazo zingaphawulwa.

Inhlangano yafuna phinda wamukele imibono yabantu, evumela ukuthola incazelo entsha kumuntu nasemhlabeni ahlala kuwo. Kwakufana nokubuyela emuva esikhathini samasiko amaGrikhi namaLatin, manje manje kwamukelwa imodeli yamasiko lapho imvelo yayinendawo ebaluleke kakhulu; eyathathwa kuye yimibono eqinile neqinile eyayixhaphakile ezwenikazi laseYurophu ezikhathini zasendulo (le nhlangano kwakuwukuguquka kusuka eNkathini Ephakathi kuya kwesimanje).

Ngaleso sikhathi, kwavela inqwaba yemisebenzi yokubhala ye-Renaissance, engagcini nje ngokuhlaba umxhwele ngaleyo minyaka, kepha futhi eminingi yayo isekhona namuhla eminye yemikhakha ehamba phambili emhlabeni. Isibonelo, uDon Quijote de la Mancha obhalwe nguMiguel de Cervantes, umsebenzi ohunyushwe kakhulu futhi wathengiswa kakhulu emhlabeni (ngaphandle kokubheka iBhayibheli), lapho kufundwa khona cishe kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni ezikoleni nasemanyuvesi.

Njengaleso sibonelo, kunemisebenzi eminingi kakhulu. Kumele ubuyele emuva udlule ezikhathini ezithile kusukela esikhathini se-Renaissance esidlule bese ubheka abantu abadumile abathi ngemisebenzi yabo bathumba izigidi zabantu emhlabeni jikelele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, awekho amanoveli kuphela emibhalweni ye-Renaissance literary; singathola futhi izinkondlo, ama-eseyi noma imidlalo yaseshashalazini, isibonelo, njengoba izincwadi zakhiwa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, uzobona ukuthi imisebenzi eminingi ingamanoveli, ama-eseyi kanye nesivumelwano (Machivelo).

Utopia nguTomas Mora

Igama elithi "Utopia" laqanjwa nguTomás Moro, umsunguli wenoveli enegama elifanayo. Incazelo yalo, ngomqondo ongokoqobo "ayikho indawo", ebhekisa kusayithi engekho lapho umbhali efuna khona chaza umphakathi womqondol (yize ngemuva kweminyaka leli gama lathola enye incazelo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama eliphelele lomsebenzi yi "Book of the state state of republic esiqhingini esisha sase-Utopia" futhi lashicilelwa kusukela ngonyaka we-1516.

Umsebenzi uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. Eyokuqala ukuba inkhulumomphendvulwano lapho umbhali asebenzisa khona incazelo ukunikela ngemininingwane yezindawo ezahlukahlukene zaseNgilandi eminyakeni yeRenaissance (XV neXVI); kanti owesibili ugxile kumlingiswa olandisa ukuthi impilo injani esiqhingini "esingekho" ezindaweni ezinjengezepolitiki, ifilosofi noma ubuciko, ezazihluke ngokuphelele kweminye imiphakathi ngaleso sikhathi.

Izindatshana uMiguel de Montaigne

ama-eseyi futhi ingenye yemisebenzi yezincwadi ethandwa kakhulu futhi emele ye-Renaissance. Kwabhalwa ngu UMichael de Montaigne futhi yanyatheliswa ngo-1580, okungukuthi, ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umbhali uthathwa njengomunye wabaveleli abakhulu besintu eFrance ngaleso sikhathi.

Lo msebenzi ukuhlanganiswa kwama-eseyi ayi-107, yingakho ubizwa ngalelo gama. Okushaqisayo akukhona okuqukethwe kwabo kuphela, lapho kungatholwa kusuka emicabangweni emfushane, kuya kuma-eseyi angempela lapho kusetshenziswa ifilosofi ama-stoic o ukungabaza nabanye abagcwele ulwazi noma okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu; kodwa futhi nangendlela ezazibhalwe ngayo, kusukela ekudalweni komsebenzi, uMontaigne wacabanga ngokuzwakalayo ngenkathi onobhala bakhe bebhala amanothi.

Isikhulu sikaNicholas Machiavelli

Lona Umsebenzi wezincwadi ze-Renaissance ethandwa kakhulu Machiavelli, isazi sefilosofi sezepolitiki nesisebenzi sikahulumeni sangenkathi yoKuvuselelwa, okwakubhekwa njengoyise wesayensi yezepolitiki; ngaphandle kwalokho igama lakhe lisebenzela ukuchaza amagama athi "Machiavellian noMachiavellianism". Alukho usuku oluqondile lokushicilelwa, kepha kucatshangwa ukuthi lwaluphakathi kuka-1531 no-1532.

Isikhulu asiyona incwadi noma umlando, kepha kunalokho yisivumelwano (uhlobo lwemibhalo oluvumela ukwethulwa kolwazi oluthile ngendlela ehlelekile) yesimo sezepolitiki. Okwenzelwe ukuthi kuchazwe kubabusi besikhathi (amakhosana) indlela eyiyo okufanele baphathe ngayo uma befuna ukuhlala bephethe.

I-Eulogy eya kumsangano ka-Erasmus

NgeNkathi Ephakathi, u-Erasmus (1467-1536) wayethathwa njengomunye wabantu abalwela amalungelo ezwekazi lase-Europe, nokuyinto ayikhombisa ngencwadi yakhe ethi "The Praise of Madness" eyashicilelwa ngo-1511 nayo ayinikela kumngani wakhe uTomás Moro .

Umsebenzi "uyindatshana" eqala ngocezu lwethoni ehlekisayo, lapho ifaka khona izihloko ezinjengezinkolelo-ze, imikhuba emibi yeSonto kanye nezinyawo; bese wenza ingqikithi ethile, i- izinzuzo zokungazi ngenxa yezizathu kanye nengqondo, evumela abantu bezigaba ezehlukene zomphakathi ukuthi bamamatheke yize kunezimo ezahlukahlukene abazithola bekuzo.

UDon Quixote de la Mancha nguMiguel de Cervantes

"UDon Quijote de la Mancha" uthathwa njengomsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wezincwadi emhlabeni, okwabhalwa ngu Miguel de Cervantes futhi yanyathelisa ingxenye yayo yokuqala eSpain ngo-1605 neyesibili eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, okungukuthi, ngo-1615.

Inoveli kaCervantes yaba umanduleli wenoveli yesimanjemanje kanye ne-polyphonic eyodwa (inhlanganisela yemibono ehlukene nemicabango ngemibono yabalingiswa abehlukene). Kuyo, ithoni ye-burlesque nayo isetshenzisiwe, into eyenzekile okokuqala ngaleso sikhathi futhi ekugcineni yagcina isuselwa kuzwi elinenhlonipho nelichivalrous.

Umsebenzi akuwona owe parody izincwadi chivalry kusukela lapho, kepha futhi umbhali uthathe ithuba lokugxeka umphakathi waseSpain futhi wamema abafundi ngokungaqondile ukuthi bacabange ngezindawo ezahlukahlukene, njengobulungiswa, uthando noma ukholo. Konke lokhu ngaphansi kwengxabano yokudala neyangempela, evela endodeni eneminyaka ephakathi nendawo yaseLa Mancha (50 iminyaka) okwathi, ngemuva kokufunda inqwaba yezincwadi ze-chivalric, yanquma ukugqoka njenge-knight futhi iphile impilo yayo egcwele eqanjiwe futhi lapho abalingiswa abaningi besizakala noma behlekisa ngaye nomlingani wakhe, uSancho Panza. Ekuzuzeni ekugcineni ukuthi uDon Quixote ubuyelwe yingqondo ngemuva kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe okungekuhle, kodwa futhi, ulahlekelwa impilo yakhe.

Impilo kaLazillo de Tormes

Lokhu futhi kuyingxenye yokuhamba phambili Imisebenzi yezincwadi ze-Renaissance Ngaphandle kokungamazi umbhali wayo, okungukuthi, umdali wale noveli yaseSpain akaziwa (yize kunabantu abambalwa abazongenelwa kulo msebenzi, kepha bekungakatholakali owangempela). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungumanduleli wencwajana ethi "picaresque novel" engaphansi kokubonga ngokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezahlukahlukene ezazingajwayelekile ngokuphelele ngaleso sikhathi.

Lo msebenzi ulandisa ngempilo kaLázaro de Tormes kusukela ekuzalweni kwakhe kuye emshadweni wakhe, lapho umbhali ethinte khona ezindabeni zenhlalo ezinjengokuziphatha okubi noma ukuzenzisa, ikakhulukazi lokho kwabantu ababalulekile benkolo. Kubhalwe ngendlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngakho-ke ukulandisa kukaLázaro ngokwakhe ubala okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe nokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe, kanye nokuhlangana kwakhe nomfundisi, squire, umpetha kaMercy, u-buldero, umfundisi futhi ekugcineni, umsizi wesikhonzi senkantolo.

URomeo noJuliet nguWilliam Shakespeare

Lo msebenzi odabukisayo we William Shakespeare (Umbhali wemidlalo waseNgilandi, umlingisi kanye nembongi) futhi ngomunye wemisebenzi emihle kakhulu yezincwadi ze-Renaissance, zombili zombhali kanye nendawo yonke (kanye I-Hamlet, yize "uRomeo noJuliet" babemelwe kakhulu). Usuku lokushicilelwa ngu-1597 futhi lashicilelwa ngolimi lwesiNgisi.

Lo mdlalo uqukethe indaba yabathandi ababili abangakwazanga ukuba ndawonye ngoba izihlobo zabo beziyizimbangi. Kodwa-ke, bobabili banquma ukweqa, bashada ngasese futhi bahlala ndawonye; kepha lokhu kubuyekezwa, kanye nenani elikhulu lemicimbi, kudala ukuthi abashadikazi bakhethe ukuzibulala kunokuhlala ngaphandle komunye nomunye. Okuxakayo ukuthi uma le mindeni emibili isifa, bayabuyisana.

Hamlet nguWilliam Shakespeare

UWilliam Shakespeare uphinde avele ngomunye umdlalo omubi awushicilela ngo-1605, awubiza ngokuthi "yiHamlet", lokhu kungumdlalo osuselwa kuzo zombili inganekwane yama-amleth nase-Ur-Hamlet, futhi futhi yinde kunazo zonke kumbhali.

Le ndaba iqukethe iNkosi uHamlet waseDenmark, owabulawa nguClaudius (umfowabo wenkosi). Ukusuka lapho, indodana kaHamlet ivela isipoki sikayise icela usizo lwakhe lokuziphindiselela kumbulali.

Izindikimba ezigqame kakhulu zomdlalo kungukuziphindiselela, ukukhaphela, ukuzenzisa noma ukulala nesihlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusobala ukuthi ubuhlungu bokushona kukayise benza kanjani ukuthi indodana iguqule lolu "sizi" lube yintukuthelo eyeqile.

Kuyincwadi yakudala futhi ingenye yezemibhalo emihle kakhulu ye-Renaissance ezincwadini zesiNgisi, kanye neminye imisebenzi emibili yombhali (i-Romeo noJuliet, noMacbeth).

Siyethemba ukuthi le misebenzi yezincwadi ye-Renaissance iyintandokazi yakho, ngoba empeleni iyizincwadi zakudala okufanele zitholwe yilowo nalowo othanda izincwadi. Ungakhohlwa ukuwabelana ngamanethiwekhi wakho wokuxhumana nabantu, ngoba ngokuqinisekile othile angaba nentshisekelo kuwo.

Incwadi enhle yothando ka-Arcipreste de Hita

Kungokunye kokukhulu izibonelo zemibhalo ye-Renaissance. Kuyo, sizothola isingeniso sakhe, lapho umbhali enza khona kucace incazelo yomsebenzi. Bese kuba khona umlando womuntu, yize unezakhi eziningi zezinganekwane, osevele uyincwadi uqobo. Umsebenzi obalisa uthando oluhlukile nabantu abahlukile.Kodwa hhayi lokho kuphela, kepha umsebenzi uhambisana nezinganekwane noma izindaba ezinikeza imininingwane eyengeziwe nokuthinta okujabulisayo okuthandayo, okuningi.

Kukhona ukuqagela kanye nokuzivumelanisa ne-a Amahlaya asendulo lokho kuvela esandleni sabalingiswa bakaDon Melón noDoña Endrina. Ama-satires nama-parodies nawo awasilele emuva kakhulu. Yini eyenza ibe elinye lamagugu amakhulu alesi sikhathi okufanele licatshangwe ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Iphupho Lasebusuku LikaShakespeare

Nakulokhu uShakespeare wabumba omunye wemidlalo ebaluleke kakhulu. It is a comedy that was written about the year, 1595. Kuyo yonke imininingwane ekhiqizwa emhlabeni umshado kaTheusus noHippolyta. Ungumbusi wase-Athene futhi uyiNdlovukazi yama-Amazons. Indaba yothando ihlanganiswe namaphupho amaningi kepha futhi nemilingo, ngoba ama-fairies ahlala ekhona. Njengoba bekungeke kube kuncane, bekukhona nezinguqulo zakamuva futhi zayiswa emhlabeni we-cinema ezikhathini eziningana.

Ihlaya LikaNkulunkulu LikaDante

Usuku oluqondile iDante's Divine Comedy eyabhalwa ngalo alwaziwa nakanjani. Kepha kuyaziwa ukuthi ingenye ye- ubuciko bemibhalo yase-Italy futhi futhi jikelele. Lokhu okusitshelwa yile ncwadi konke okufundwe eminyakeni edlule. Kusukela ezikhathini zakudala kakhulu kuya ezikhathini zasendulo.

Kuyo wembula izinkolelo zakhe, ikakhulukazi ezenkolo nezefilosofi. Kukhulunywa kakhulu nge abalingiswa bezinganekwane. Futhi ngukuthi abaningi bakuchaze njengenkondlo yenkolo ebeka izihloko ezifana nesono noma onkulunkulu etafuleni. Ngokwakheka kwayo sinezingxenye eziningana: Isihogo, iPurgatory nePharadesi.

La Celestina nguFernando de Rojas

UFernando de Rojas wayengumbhali waseSpain, ikakhulukazi waseTalavera de la Reina. Waziwa kakhulu ngokunikeza impilo kuLa Celestina. Bekulokhu kunezincazelo eziningi kepha esikucacelayo ukuthi ikhuluma indaba phakathi UCalisto noMelibea. Indaba yothando, i-tragicomedy evela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX.

Ngaleso sikhathi kwakuvamile ukusebenzisa umuntu ukuba abe ngumlamuleli phakathi kwabantu ababili. Ngakho ukuthi ukuphola noma ukuhlangana kwenzeke phakathi kwabathandi. Ngaphezu kwendaba uqobo, izimfanelo nokujula okukhonjiswa umlingiswa ngamunye nakho kuyamangalisa. Yize kubonakala sengathi uFernando de Rojas wakuthanda akuthandayo dala izinhlamvu ezimbili ukugcwalisana futhi ngaleyo ndlela isimilo salowo nalowo wabo sakhiwe ngempela.

UDokotela Faustus nguMarlowe

Le ncwadi ikhuluma Ubukhazikhazi ongumlingiswa odume kakhulu emasikweni aseJalimane. Ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi kuyindaba yakudala. Futhi alukho usuku oluqondile lokushicilelwa kwale ncwadi, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi bekungeke kube kude kakhulu no-1593. Ngokubanzi, singasho ukuthi kuyinhlekelele.

Yize, njengoba kwenzeka kaningi, futhi cishe ngokwemvelo, sizophinda sithole ukuthintwa kwamahlaya. Inezingelosi ezinhle kanye nezinye ezingezinhle kangako. Inhlanganisela efaka phakathi i- izono eziyisikhombisa ezibulalayo.

Ukufa kuka-Arthur waseMalory

Ungomunye wemisebenzi eyaziwa kakhulu futhi uzolandisa ngokufa kuka-Arturo, njengoba isihloko sayo sikhombisa, yize singesona esinye sezihloko ezindala kakhulu zalolu hlobo. Yiba yinoma yikuphi, kunezingxenye lapho kungashiwo ngempela ukuthi i- impahla ayishicilelwanga kwa-Maloy. Kepha kwabanye, kuwukuzivumelanisa nezimo.

Kungenzeka kanjani kube kuncane, kuyiqiniso ukuthi ngaphezu kokukhuluma futhi landa izehlakalo ezedlule empilweni yeNkosi u-Arthur, uyenza nakuma-knights etafula eliyindilinga. Izigigaba eziningi ezibalulekile futhi ukuze ikwazi ukuyiqonda kahle indaba. U-Arturo, Merlin noma uMorgana bazobe bekulo mlando.

IGargantua nePantagruel

Yebo, besingafuni ukukuchitha lokhu kukhethwa kwemibhalo yezincwadi ezivela ku-Renaissance ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngemisebenzi yaseFrance. Kulokhu, lawa amanoveli amahlanu abhalwa ngu François Rabelais. Kuzo sizothola ukuzidela kwezigebenga ezimbili.

Omunye nguGargantúa kanti omunye uPantagruel, oyindodana yakhe. Indaba ibhalwe ngendlela ehlekisayo nangama-brushstrokes amahle kakhulu ngesikhathi saso. Ngaphandle kokukhohlwa ukuthukwa okushiwo nezinye izici ezithile ze-eschatological, kepha ezingakabonakali. Ukuba omunye wemisebenzi okufanele uyicabangele.