Imisinga yefilosofi yimikhakha ekade ivela eminyakeni yonke emlandweni wefilosofi. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zilawula izenzo noma ukuthi 'ungaphila kanjani' umuntu, kokunye ukusetshenziswa komuntu nakho kuzoya ngesiko umuntu asebenza kulo.
Ngamunye unenkathi yakhe yemvelaphi, kanye nomlobi onikeze ukucabanga nokukhombisa umqondo, lokhu kungukhiye ku ukwakheka kwemisinga. Yize zingaba yinombolo ebanzi futhi njengamanje zinezincazelo ezahlukahlukene, kukhona abanye abaphayonayo futhi abagqamile, kokubili ngalokho abakushoyo nangefilosofi yabo yokudala.
Elinye iqiniso elifuna ukwazi nelibalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi imvamisa imisinga yefilosofi yenzeka ngamaqembu ongqondongqondo ababizwa bona "isikole sefilosofi", lokhu kungenxa yesidingo sokuhlangana ndawonye ukuze babelane ngezici ezifanayo futhi baqondane ngendlela yokucabanga futhi ibonakala ngaphansi kwegama noma ilebula ebamele.
Isibonelo, ku ukunyakaza kwefilosofi Kusuka 'emfanekisweni', owenzeka ngekhulu le-18 futhi wawususelwa ekuqhakambiseni amandla okucabanga, umsinga wefilosofi wokuqagela okwenziwe nguRené Descartes waqala futhi wabonakala ngokuphika konke okuphathelene nezinzwa, ngokukholelwa ukuthi bayakhohlisa futhi bayadukisa; ukubeka isizathu ngaphezu kwabo njengomthombo wolwazi lwesayensi ngqo.
Vele kunemisinga edalula ngokuphelele okuphambene naleyo evezwe phambilini. Esinye sezikole ezivelele zomcabango yi-anarchism, okwathi ngokusho kwababhali ayivelanga nje kuphela ngaphakathi kohlaka lwemibono yokuKhanyiselwa kepha nakuyi-French Revolution. Lesi sahlulelo sincike enhlanganweni yezenhlalo ekhululekile hhayi koMbuso njengoba bengakholelwa emandleni nasekubuseni komuntu oyedwa komunye umuntu; ethembekile futhi abakholelwa ekuqondeni komuntu nokuthi ikuthonya kanjani ukuqhubeka kwakho.
Kamuva, kwaqala ukwakhiwa kwemisinga eminingi yefilosofi nozakwabo, okungukuthi, omunye umcabango ongaphika, uvumele izinkolelo nemibuzo yabacabangi ukuthi ilindelwe. Ngemuva komnyakazo wokukhanyiselwa, kwavela iqembu 'le-positivism' elathatha unyaka, kusukela ngekhulu le-19 kuya kwele-20 futhi laveza kakhulu ukuthi umoya womuntu wawusudlulile ezifundazweni ezintathu ezibandakanya isimo senkolo, semvelo kanye nesimo esihle. Lokho kusho ukuthi, benqaba ngokwengxenye enkulu okomoya, babephikisana nemibono, bephikisana ngamaqiniso, bebeka ngaphezu kwakho konke okokuhlola esikhundleni sethiyori.
Lokhu nje ukubukeza okuncane nomqondo ongakubeka kumongo wokuthi imisinga iyini nendlela eyenzeke ngayo, noma kunjalo, ingaphezulu kakhulu kwalokho.
Imisinga yefilosofi evelele kakhulu
Amandla
Isikhathi esinjalo savela enkathini yesimanje futhi siyi- umbono wolwazi, lapho kushiwo khona ukuthi konke ukufunda kwenzeka kusukela kokuhlangenwe nakho, kunika umbono wokubona kwezinzwa ekwakheni imibono. Umsekeli wakhe obaluleke kakhulu kwakunguDavid Hume.
Kuyafaneleka ukwengeza ukuthi igama elinjalo livela esiGrekini ?????????? (ngokwezwi nezwi, isipiliyoni) kanye nokuhumusha kwesiLatini isipiliyoni, lisuselwa egameni isipiliyoni.
Okunye okutholakele kulo yigama lamaGrikhi nelesiRoma elithi empirical, elibhekisa kodokotela abafinyelela amakhono abo ngokuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo hhayi ngokufundiswa ngemfundiso.
Ukucabanga
Ifuna ukukuqinisekisa lokho ingqondo yomuntu isivele inolwazi noma imigomo yangaphambilini ngaphandle kokuba nesipiliyoni. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla yamenyezelwa nguRené Descartes, e-Continental Europe.
Imibono
Njengoba igama layo liyivumela ukuthi ibone kusengaphambili, ingenye yemisinga yefilosofi esekwe ekuzimeleni nasekumeleleni kwayo, iphika noma yenqabe ukuba khona kwakho konke okuphathelene nezwe langaphandle. Ukwenza iqondakale kakhudlwana, le yamanje ivikela ukuthi okuthile bekungeke kube khona uma kungekho mcabangi okwaziyo. Ngendlela efanayo, ukuyazi noma ukufunda ngayo, kufanele ikakhulukazi sinake ukwazi, imibono nemicabango.
Umbono onjalo unezinhlobonhlobo, ezinjengenhloso kanye nokuziphendulela. Owokuqala uthi imibono ikhona yodwa nokuthi yaziwa noma ifundwe ngokuhlangenwe nakho. Phakathi kwabamele kakhulu kulokhu kucabanga kukhona ULeibniz, uHegel, uBernard Bolzano, uDilthey.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngokuzithoba, ongqondongqondo bayakukholelwa lokho imibono ikhona emqondweni womuntu ngamunye nokuthi awukho umhlaba wangaphandle osebenza ngokwawo. Abavikeli bale mbono kwakunguDescartes, uBerkeley, uKant, uFichte, uMach, uCassirer noCollwood. Kulokhu ikakhulukazi umuntu angathola futhi uhlobo oluqinile oluthi "izinto azizenzeli kodwa izinto zikhona kuphela ngathi" kanye nohlobo olulinganiselayo "oluqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ziwumbala wengilazi ababukwa ngazo".
I-Positivism
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ngokuyinhloko inesibopho se- yenqaba noma uphikise umuntu, ukuthi lokhu kunemigomo noma umqondo ongaguquguquki. Ukuba ngikholwa kusayensi enenhloso kanye nemithetho yocwaningo.
Kwavela eFrance ngekhulu le-19 nguSaint-Simon, u-Auguste Comte, no-de UJohn Stuart Mill; bese isakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kodwa-ke, kuthiwa umanduleli wayo wokuqala phakathi kwekhulu le-16 nele-17 kwakunguFrancis Bacon.
AmaStoyiku
Kugxilwe kakhulu kokujwayelekile nokuziphatha; lokhu kushumayela manje ukubaluleka kwesizinda nokulawulwa kwamaqiniso, izinkanuko, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezijwayele ukuphazamisa ubukhona besihloko, ukuze kusetshenziswe isibindi kanye nesizathu sobuntu bakhe.
Ingenye yezindala kakhulu futhi isukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD. C. Futhi isigaba saso esibaluleke kunazo zonke sasikhona ngesikhathi samaGreki. Umsunguli weStoicism kwakunguZeno waseCitio kanti phakathi kwabalandeli bakhe abaziwayo kukhona UCicero, u-Epictetus, uMarcus Aurelius, uSeneca, owesithupha we-Empiricist.
Isakhiwo
Yize igama laso ngokusobala lingasho ukuthi kungenye yemisinga yefilosofi enjalo, ngokusho kwemibono ingafakwa ku-intuited ukuthi iyakwenza futhi isuselwa eqinisweni lokuthi kufanele yeqe ngaphezu kwalokho okwenzeka ngamandla, ibe luhlobo lwendlela hlaziya ulimi, isiko kanye nomphakathi.
Umqalisi kanye nommeleli obaluleke kakhulu wale mbono kwakunguClaude Lévi-Strauss ngeminyaka yama-40.
I-Phenomenology
Lokhu kusakaza funda konke okwenzekayo emhlabeni -Descriptively- kusuka entweni ethile noma eqenjini lalezi ezenzekile. Kuthiwa lokhu kuqhamuka kubumbano phakathi kokuqina kanye nemibono. Abamele bayo abafanele babekhona UHusserl, uMerleau-Ponty, uSartre, uHeidegger.
Ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo
Kuyinto yamanje yefilosofi ukuthi, njengoba igama layo likhombisa, iqinisekisa ukuthi yonke into iyinto ebonakalayo, yenqaba lokho okushiwo ngokomoya njengomphefumulo, ikusasa nokuba khona kukaNkulunkulu. Imibono ezwelayo ivumelekile ngoba nayo ibalulekile. Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, kungabonwa njengokuphikisana nemibono.
U-Epicurus noMarx baphakathi kwabasekeli bomsakazo onjalo.
Ubukhona obukhona
Ehlukile kokunye okwakumelwe njengefilosofi yezinto, lena ihambisana nomuntu kanjalo, imveza njengomuntu ozikhiqizela mahhala otholakala e-Universe kuphela ngaphandle kokuba khona kukaNkulunkulu. Le yamanje isuselwa kufayela le- ukuhlaziywa kwesimo somuntu, inkululeko, imizwa kanye nencazelo yempilo iyonke.
Kuleli qophelo kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi akuyona inkolelo ehlelwe ngokwefilosofi noma ehambisanayo, empeleni, kuthiwa abalandeli bayo abavumelani ngokuphelele nefilosofi ejwayelekile.
Eminyakeni edlule beyehlukahluka kakhulu futhi namuhla kunezinguqulo ezintathu ezibandakanya ubukhona bebuKrestu, ubukhona be-agnostic kanye nobukhona bukaNkulunkulu. Amaphayona ayenjalo UPascal, Kierkegaard, Sartre, Camus, Heidegger.
Ukungabaza
Ngokuyinhloko kugxila noma kusekelwe ekubuzweni kwezinto, ukungabaza okuhlala njalo okulahla ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto noma ukuba khona kwalezi zinto, ngaphandle uma kufakazelwa ngobufakazi obuphikisayo.
UDiogenes Laercio, uHume noma uBerkeley babengabamele abaluleke kakhulu kulesi siyalo.
Ukugxeka
Okwamanje kusungulwe eGrisi lasendulo, phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX BC. C. lokho kwakususelwa esenzweni sokwenqaba lokho okwakungamukelwa ngokwenhlalo nangokokuziphatha. Impilo yokugxeka ibigxile enkolelweni yokuthi injabulo itholakale ngokuphila kalula nangokugcwele, ngokwemvelo.
Ukubhekisa kulokho abakuvezile noma ukuphikisa okuthile abangavumelani nakho, basebenzise izinsizakusebenza zokubhuqa, indida nokwenza okuthile. Yasungulwa ngu-Antisthenes futhi omunye wabafundi bakhe ababaluleke kakhulu kwakunguDiogenes waseSinope.
Romanticism
Akufanele ididaniswe nokunyakaza kobuciko. Kulesi siyalo sempilo, bekukholelwa emandleni akwazi ukwazi konke, ngokuphelele. Ibonakala ngokwehaba kwemizwa yemvelo, ibachaze njengesimo sangempela sokuqonda komuntu.
Inhloso yalo ukuqinisekisa imizwa, inkululeko namanye amagama ahlobene nemvelo nobuntu. Abasekeli abakhulu kwakunguHegel, Schelling noFichte.
I-Dogmatism
Kucatshangelwa ukuphikiswa kokungabaza kanye nemibono, kususelwa emandleni acatshangelwe entweni maqondana nendaba. Iqinisekisa ukuthi ingqondo yomuntu iyakwazi ukwazi iqiniso. Omunye wabamele abakhulu kunawo wonke wamanje kwakunguSpinoza.
Ukugxekwa
Kususelwa kwesimangalo sokuthi sikwazi ukusetha imikhawulo yolwazi oluphelele ngophenyo oluhlelekile lwezimo zamathuba okucabanga. Le mfundiso epistemological yachazwa ngu-Immanuel Kant.
Imisinga yefilosofi yezepolitiki
Inkontileka
Kuyaziwa njengenye yezindlela zefilosofi zezombusazwe zesimanje futhi kusekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi abantu kufanele bayenqabe inkolelo yokuthi uMbuso nomphakathi bayinto engokwemvelo. Ukufuna ukuthi kunesivumelwano esisunguliwe phakathi kwalabo abaqala ukuba yingxenye yomphakathi omusha futhi ngandlela thile bathole ubumbano nenkululeko nokulingana. Ababonisi bayo abakhulu kwakunguRousseau, Kant, Hobbes, Spinoza noLocke.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi
Enye yemisinga yefilosofi ethi okuhle nokwamukelwa ngokuziphatha kokubili kumuntu nakumphakathi, kuyasiza. Ngaphezu kokuba yisisekelo sokuhle, injabulo ibuye ibangwe ngakho.
Yize isisekelo kuthiwa senziwa nguProtagoras de Abdera, abachazi abakhulu kunabo bonke kwakunguJ.Bentham noJS Mill, ababekholelwa ukuthi okusetshenziswayo kuveza izinzuzo, ubumnandi nenye injabulo, okunciphisa amathuba okuhlupheka noma ukunciphisa ubuhlungu, ukuhlupheka nokulimala.
UbuKhomanisi
Le ndlela kahulumeni ikholelwa enhlanganweni yezenhlalo ngaphandle kokuba khona kwezakhiwo ezizimele, ukwehluka kwezigaba, phakathi kwezinye izimfundiso ezivimbela ukulingana phakathi kwabo bonke. Ukuzama ukufeza inkululeko yomuntu.
Kwabamele kakhulu uPlato, Marx, Engels noFourier.
Ubusoshiyali
Kususelwa eqinisweni lokuthi zombili izakhiwo nokuphathwa kwezindlela zokukhiqiza kusezandleni zabasebenzi ngenhloso yokuthola inhlangano emphakathini ethuthukisa ukulingana kwezepolitiki, ezenhlalo nezomnotho. UMarx noProudhon babengabakhiqizi ababaluleke kakhulu.
Ukukhululeka
Elinye lamafilosofi ezepolitiki aqinisekisa ukuthi uMbuso kufanele uqede inzuzo yemakethe, kanti uhlangothi lwezepolitiki kufanele lushaye umthetho-sisekelo wenkululeko, lwenze uMbuso uvikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ngoba kusekelwe kuyo.
Umphumela wokungenelela okuncane koMbuso ezindabeni zezenhlalo nezomnotho zabantu ngabanye. URawke noMontesquieu bakaLocke babengabamele kakhulu.
Ukukhululeka
Lesi sikhathi samanje sinokweqisa futhi sidalula ukuthi umuntu ngamunye unelungelo lokuzimela, ngakho-ke akumele kube noMbuso noma kufanele uqedwe. UNozick wayengomunye wamaphayona aqokonyiswa.
Eminye imisinga yefilosofi efanelekile
Phakathi kwabo ongqondongqondo bagqama; Inkolelo kaPlato eyayingabalandeli bakaPlato; isikole se-peripatetic esasisekela u-Aristotle nabafundi baka-Epicurus abaziwa ngaphansi kwe-Epicureanism.
Isikole saseMileto, esasungulwa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C., amalungu ayo kwakunguTales, Anaximander no-Anaximenes. Isikole se-Eleatic okwakuyisikole sangaphambi kweSocrates ebaluleke kakhulu ngekhulu le-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMXth BC. Amalungu ayo abaluleke kakhulu kwakunguParmenides ka-Elea noZenón de Elea.
AbasePythagoras, ababeke ukuthi ingqikithi yazo zonke izinto izinombolo. Ezinye ezingabalulekile kangako yi mega isikole, eyasungulwa ngu-Euclides edolobheni lakubo laseMegara; isikole saseCyrenaica, esasungulwa ngu-Aristipo de Cirene futhi sigxile ezindabeni zokuziphatha; kanye nesikole se-Neoplatonic, esakhiwe ngu-Ammonio Saccas. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uSanta Augustine waseHippo wabhala imibono kaNeoplatonic emibonweni yobuKristu.
I-Neoplatonism, i-humanism, i-postmodernism kanye nokwakhiwa kabusha okwamanje kubhalisiwe.