Kwenziwa esifundeni saseGuerrero, esiseningizimu yeMexico, inguquko ye-Ayutla kwakuyinhlangano yokuphayona emicimbini eminingi yomlando kuleli, enye yazo, ukwenziwa kwenguquko yenkululeko, okwakuyisenzo esiphikisana nohulumeni kamongameli impilo u-Antonio López de Santa Anna.
Ukuhlukunyezwa, isimo sosizi lapho izwe lalifakwe khona, nokuthengiswa kwengxenye yeMesilla, indawo esenyakatho yalesisizwe saseMexico njengamanje, kwakuyinhlansi eqale ukugqashuka kwale mpi, eyalandela ukususwa kobushiqela owayethathwa njengomkhapheli, ngoba ngemuva kokuba yingxenye yezinhlangano ezikhululekile, i-Once amandla, wayefulathele labo ababemsekele, ephendukela ekuzuzeni imikhakha ecebile njengamasosha kanye nabefundisi.
Ngenxa yalokhu kuhamba, izinguquko ezibalulekile zenziwa kumthethosisekelo wezwe lase-Ayutla, lapho kwasungulwa khona uhlelo olwalulandela ukulingana kwezenhlalo.
Isiqalo: ukumenyezelwa kohlelo lwe-Ayuteca.
Intuthuko yenguquko yase-Ayutla yabona ukuqala kwayo ekunganelisweni okwasakazeka, kushukunyiswa izinqumo ezenziwa nguzwilakhe u-Antonio López de Santa Anna, owavikela isihloko sakhe Ukuphakama kukaSerene, wasungula uhulumeni wokuhlukumeza nolaka, ekhaphela izakhiwo ezazimbeka njengomongameli. Imihlahlandlela eminingi ebekiwe yokuphakama kwamandla kaSanta Anna yasungulwa endaweni eyaziwa kakhulu Uhlelo lukaJaliscoAmaningi awo aphulwa lapho esezibeke njengombusi wobushiqela, futhi phakathi kwalabo abavelele kunabo bonke, singasho ukuvinjelwa kwelungelo labantu lokukhululeka kokukhuluma, ngokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa komshini wokunyathelisa. Akudingeki ukuthi kushiwo, lokhu kwaholela ekungenelisekeni okuthandwayo, futhi ukusabela okungokwemvelo kwalabo ababecindezelwe kwakuwukusakazwa kwezincwadi eziyimfihlo ezimelene nohulumeni, kanye nokuvela kwamaqembu alwela inkululeko.
Inkohlakalo kahulumeni, okwathi ngenxa yenhlupheko nendlala yabantu, yaholela ekucebiseni ngokungemthetho kokubili kusuka ku-Antonio López de Santa Anna uqobo, nakubantu ababesondelene naye. Lokhu kwaqala ukuvusa ukwenqatshwa kwabantu, kwavula isifiso esijule kakhulu soshintsho, futhi kwahlelwa ukuhlelwa kwezinsika zalokho okwakuzoqhuma kamuva njengoguquko lwezinguquko, lapho imikhakha eyayithandwa njengebandla, kanye namaqembu athile amasosha , bazolahlekelwa izinzuzo kanye nokuphathwa okukhethekile abaphathi baseSanta Anna ababebanikeze kona.
Esinye isici esiveze ukunganeliseki ukuthengiswa kwesandiso esikhulu sendawo yaseMesilla, ukubulawa kwayo kwakukhuthazwa ukwaneliseka kwezintshisekelo zomuntu kanye neqembu lezenhlalo elalikusekela. Lesi sinqumo sanqatshwa yizinhlaka zobuzwe, ngoba sagxeka izakhamizi zakuleso sifunda ekulahlekelweni kobunikazi bazo, kufanele zinikeze igunya lesizwe esisha.
Imanifesto ye- Uhlelo lwe-Ayutla, U-Florencio Villareal, uJuan Álvarez no-Ignacio Comonfort (ababebhekele ukuvukela umbuso) babengabahlanganyeli ekumenyezelweni kwawo, wamenyezelwa ngoMashi 1, 1854., izibheka njengesiqalo senguquko yase-Ayutla. Uhlelo lwe-Ayutla lumbhalo lapho kuvezwe khona izimbangela zokunganeliseki, nokwethulwa nezinyathelo zokuphendula, okuyinhloko yazo ekhonjiswe ngezansi:
- Ukususwa kwe-His Serene Highness, u-Antonio López de Santa Anna, kanye nalezo zikhulu ezilandele umzila wakhe okhohlakele nowacindezelayo.
- Ukuchithwa kwalezo zimiso ezisongela inhlalakahle yabantu, phakathi kwazo: ukudwetshwa kwamaphasipoti kanye nentela yenzalo, ebekwe kubantu, ngaphansi kwegama le-capitation.
- Ukukhethwa kukaMongameli wesikhashana, lapho ilungu lombuso ngalinye lizobamba iqhaza khona, ozoba namandla okuhambela nokuxazulula izinkinga eziphathelene nokuphepha nokuzimela kweSizwe.
- Kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi inkosi enkulu, ngokubambisana neqembu labantu abayi-7, balolonge umbuso omusha ovulekile, basungule isethi entsha yemithetho nezimiso ezizobusa indawo, ngaso sonke isikhathi behlonipha umgomo wokuthi isizwe sasiyodwa, singahlukani futhi Ezimele
- Kugcizelelwa isidingo sokuthi, ngemuva kokusungulwa kwawo, uhulumeni omusha kufanele anake izindaba zomnotho, njengoba umbuso wawunenkinga enkulu, eyayimenyezelwe ngezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni. Kucelwa ukuthi kunakwe ngokukhethekile izindaba eziphathelene nokuhweba kwangaphandle kanye nasekhaya.
- Kwasungulwa ukuthi ukwelashwa "kwesitha sesizwe" kuzonikezwa noma ngubani owephula izinkombandlela ezisungulwe kulo mbhalo. Ukuguqulwa kombutho kuyanxuswa, kube yimbutho esiza ukuvikela iziqinisekiso namalungelo abantu.
Izinyathelo zenguquko ye-Ayutla
Lapho sibhekene nokuvela koHlelo lwe-Ayutla eselikhulunywe ngenhla, ukusabela kwabantu kwashesha, futhi kwavumelana: ukwesekwa okugcwele namandla esiphakamiso sabakhululekile, ngakho-ke, ngokukhathazeka okukhulu ngamandla enhlangano, impendulo kahulumeni olondolozayo kwaba ngokushesha., futhi izenzo zabo zazifuna ukumisa isenzo sabavukeli ngokuthi:
- Ukwanda kwezinga lentela ukuze kutholakale imali yempi (lokhu kude nokujabulisa ukunganeliseki, kukhuthaze imikhakha eyahlukahlukene ukuthi ijoyine umzabalazo kaJuan Álvarez).
- Isigwebo sentambo kulabo abatholakala bephethe ikhophi yohlelo luka-Ayutla, kanye nezakhamizi ezaziphethe izikhali.
Umbukiso eFort San Diego: Enamadoda angaphezu kuka-5000 ebuthweni lakhe, uLópez de Santa Anna ubhekise amabombo e-Acapulco, lapho kwakukhona khona abavukeli. UJuan Álvarez wayenamandla kuphela amadoda angaba ngu-500, kodwa-ke, impi ekhululekile yakwazi ukubhekana nale mpi, futhi uMhlonishwa kwadingeka ahoxe, ngoba walimala, engabali amadoda alahlekile ngenxa yezifo nokushiya. Ukuziphindiselela, kulokhu kwehlulwa, kwaqalwa izenzo ezinobudlova ngokumelene nezakhiwo zalabo ababeyingxenye yenhlangano, noma ababeyixhasa nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Inguquko ye-Ayutla yaqhubeka nokuhamba kwayo okunganqandeki, kwavusa ukwesaba kwabasadla ngoludalaNgakho-ke, umongameli owayesadla ngoludala wacela umbusi wasePuebla, ngencwadi, ukuthi agcine izakhamuzi zakhona ziqhelelene nezaseGuerrero ngenkathi ukuvukela kusaqhubeka, wacela nokuthi athathe izinyathelo zokulwa nalabo ababenokusola.
Imizamo emikhulu yenziwa ohlangothini lukahulumeni lokugcina amachweba esengozini evela kwabakhululekile bevikelwe: ILa Paz, i-Acapulco, iGuaymas neMazatlán, kwakuyizinhloso, kodwa-ke, konke kwakungasizi ngalutho, ngoba akukho lutho olwavimba ukuqhubeka kukaJuan Álvarez. Ngokubuka lokhu, uhulumeni waqala izenzo zokwehlisa isithunzi, edlulisa izindaba ezingamanga mayelana nokuhlulwa kwabavukeli nokubuyiselwa kokuhleleka.
Ukusekela ukuvukela umbuso: Ngokuphendula ukunganeliseki okukhulu ezenzweni zikahulumeni osadla ngoludala, inguquko kaJuan Álvarez yaqala ukuthola abalandeli. Ngosuku lweVirgin yaseGuadalupe, kwaqubuka ingxabano ePuebla lapho ibutho lamaLancers lasePuebla (elake laholwa ngu-Antonio López de Santa Anna) lalingumlingisi ophambili. Uhulumeni wasibeka phansi lesi senzo sokuvukela umbuso, futhi wayala ukuba kubulawe abenzi bokubi. Kwakukhona nesimemezelo egqumeni laseLoreto, lapho amadoda ayi-100 avela enkampanini yebutho laseQuerétano, akhuluma ngokuvumelana nalolu hlelo.
Unyaka ka-1855: Ekuqaleni kuka-1855, imizamo yenkululeko yayisizuzile ezweni, futhi ngalesi sikhathi, umbono womphakathi ePuebla wawungavumelani noSanta Anna, kepha, ezingeni elisemthethweni, iziphathimandla zagcina zingathathi hlangothi, kepha kancane kancane kancane inguquko yahlasela zonke izikhala. Ngo-Agasti 15, 1855, abakwaLiberal base bezuze ukunamathela kukaPuebla kuhlelo lwe-Ayutla. U-Antonio López de Santa Anna, onqotshwe yinguquko ye-Ayutla, ushiya izwe elihluliwe waya eNew Granada. Kumiswa uhulumeni wesikhashana, lapho kubekwa khona uJuan Álvarez njengomongameli.
Imiphumela
Ukunqoba kwe-Ayutla Revolution kwaletha uchungechunge lwemicimbi evumela ukwakhiwa kabusha kwemigomo yokulingana kwezenhlalo, lokhu kungafingqwa kulezi zici ezilandelayo:
- Umongameli kaJuan Álvarez: Ngokuxoshwa kukahulumeni osadla ngoludala, umholi wamavukelambuso uJuan Álvarez uvukela emandleni, obesenezinyanga ezimbili kuphela esesikhundleni, nokho, wathatha izinyathelo ezinqala ukuze kuzuze abalimi. Ngemuva kokusula kwakhe esikhundleni, walandelwa ngumlingani wakhe wezingalo, no-Ignacio Comonfort owayekhululekile.
- Ukushaywa kwemithetho eyahlukahlukene elwa nokungalingani: Ngo-1855, kwamenyezelwa umthetho waseJurez, owawusungula ukulingana phakathi kwezakhamizi ngaphambi komthetho, ucindezela izinkantolo ezikhethekile zabefundisi nezempi. Esinye isimemezelo esibalulekile kwakungumthetho we-lerdo, ophoqelela umphakathi kanye nabezenkolo ukuthi bathengise izindawo ababengazinikeli abantu ababebanikele kubo, ngenhloso yokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kangcono komcebo.
- Xola abathunjwa: Ngemuva kokwehlulwa kukaSanta Anna, uhulumeni omusha wavula ukubuya kwabadingisiwe futhi washushiswa ngokwezepolitiki.
- Hlukana nesonto: Abefundisi abanenzondo yokuthi izintshisekelo zabo zithintekile bakhombisa ukungahambisani nezinguquko. Izimpahla zesonto ezedluliselwe ekuphathweni komphakathi, izivakashi zavalwa futhi igunya labo ekubhalisweni kwamacala omphakathi lahoxiswa: imishado, ukuzalwa, ukufa.
Abakhiqizi abakhulu be-Ayutla Revolution
Laba abalandelayo babengabantu ababenethonya elikhulu kule nhlangano ekhululayo:
- U-Antonio López de Santa Anna: Umbusi, ongena emandleni ngemuva kwesivumelwano phakathi kwabasadla ngoludala nabakhululekile, abathi ngesikhathi bebhekene nenkinga yezomnotho eyayikhungethe iMexico, wavuma ukujoyina amabutho. Isikhundla sezepolitiki salomlingiswa sichazwe njengokudida, ngoba kuwo wonke umlando ubesebenza emaqenjini ezikhundla eziphikisanayo.
- UJuan Alvarez: Amasosha aseMexico, abamba iqhaza elibonakalayo ezingxabanweni eziningi zaseMexico. Umgqugquzeli omkhulu wokwenziwa kohlelo lwezinguquko kanye nomholi wenguquko ye-Ayutla, wahola ukuhlaselwa ngabahlubuki futhi wakha nezinhlelo ezaholela ekugumbuqelweni kukaMongameli Santa Anna.
- UFlorencio Villareal: Amasosha aseMexico anemvelaphi yaseCuba, abesebenza ngokubambisana nabavukeli ekusungulweni kwezinguquko.
- U-Ignacio Comfort: UMexico owangena esikhundleni sikaJuan Álvarez kwesobumongameli. Wenze izinguquko ezibalulekile zesiqubulo senkululeko. Uhulumeni wakhe wayephawuleka ngokungqubuzana okuvulelekile neSonto LamaKatolika, okwathi kohulumeni ababambelele ezindleleni base bezuze izikhundla zamandla, nokuhlanganyela kwezepolitiki.