Ubuntu, ngokuhamba kweminyaka futhi, ngemuva kwalokho, kwamakhulu eminyaka, kuye kwadingeka ukuthi kudlule ezinkathini eziningi ezaziwayo eziphawule izigaba zendlela yabo yokubona izinto. Kusukela embusweni omkhulu waseGibhithe, abaseBabiloni, amaGrikhi, amaRoma, u-Alexander Omkhulu, phakathi kwabanye, imibuso eminingi kanye namandla omhlaba kudlule kulokhu umhlaba wethu ubeka indinganiso okufanele ilandelwe ngesikhathi sakhe esemandleni.
Ngalezi zikhathi, futhi kuncike kuhulumeni ngamunye, ubuciko nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kuphazamisekile, futhi namhlanje siye sabamba iqhaza emisebenzini yethu yezimpawu zalezo zikhathi.
INtshonalanga Yurophu yiyo eyabeka izisekelo nemihlahlandlela yenhlangano entsha namanje, eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu ayisithupha kamuva, eqhubeka nokunikeza abantu inkulumo. Sibhekisa ekuzalweni kabusha.
Ngalesi sikhathi sokunyakaza, izinto eziningi zanamuhla zempilo esizaziyo namuhla zaguqulwa, ikakhulukazi ezobuciko. Kwakuyisikhathi soguquko phakathi kweNkathi Ephakathi neNkathi Yesimanje esahlonishwa ngokwanda kolwazi emagatsheni ahlukene, futhi nguyena owabeka izisekelo zokwamukelwa kwesayensi njengegatsha futhi njengeqiniso, eyayithukwe ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizokwazi izici eziyinhloko zokuvuselelwa.
Masazi igama elithi "Renaissance"
Leli gama laqanjwa lifuna izinto ezithile zesiko lamaGrikhi namaRoma, futhi lasetshenziswa njengokubuyela kumagugu esiko lamaGrikhi namaRoma kanye ukucabanga ngamasiko nempilo ngendlela ekhululekile kunendlela eqinisayo yokwenza izinto yafakwa emakhulwini eminyaka adlula iNkathi Ephakathi, eyayiphawuleka ngokuba ngqongqo kakhulu nokuba nokhahlo nabayisusayo.
Kulesi sigaba esaziwa ngokuthi ukuvuselelwa, indlela yokubona umuntu yashintsha futhi kwenziwa intuthuko enkulu emkhakheni wezobuciko, ifilosofi, ikhemistri, i-physics, izibalo, ubuciko kanye nomsebenzi wobuciko.
Ngale ndlela, i-theocentrism eyabusa eNkathini Ephakathi yayingashintshwa yi-anthropocentrism, eyayinentshisekelo enkulu ekwazini imvelo yomuntu.
Izici ze-Renaissance sekufundwe kabanzi futhi kwahlolwa, futhi sekuvunyelwene ngokuthi esinye sezici ezinkulu zalesi sikhathi kwakuwubuciko bakhe, namuhla esibazi njengobuciko be-Renaissance. Kwakuyilowo owangena esikhundleni sobuciko bangeNkathi Ephakathi, obabuthathwa njengobuqaba, futhi kamuva waziwa njengobuciko bamaGoth. Le nhlangano kwezobuciko iyona eyabeka indlela yokuqhubekela phambili namanye amagatsha akha ubuntu, yaphinde yasiza ekuthuthukiseni amagatsha esayensi.
Ake sikhulume ngomlando wokuzalwa kabusha
Isikhathi se-Renaissance sibonisa ukuqala kwenkathi yesimanje, isikhathi esivame ukusungulwa phakathi nesikhathi sokutholwa kweMelika ngo-1492 kanye ne-French Revolution ngo-1789, futhi emkhakheni wezamasiko, ohlukaniswe waba yi-Renaissance neBaroque ; futhi yayinezigaba ezifana neMannerism, iRococo neNeoclassicism.
I-Los Iziphikiso ezingokomlando ze-Renaissance zingalandelwa ekwehleni komhlaba wasendulo. kwenzeka kulo lonke ikhulu le-XNUMX ngenxa yezici ezahlukahlukene, njengokuwohloka koMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma, ukwenziwa buthakathaka kweSonto LamaKatolika ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nokunyakaza okwaholela ekuguqulweni kwamaProthestani.
Izigaba zokuzalwa kabusha
Izigaba ezahlukahlukene zomlando zikhombe ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Renaissance. Okokuqala kwalokhu kwenzeka ngekhulu le-XNUMX: elibizwa ngokuthi i-quattrocenter, futhi kufaka phakathi i-Renaissance yakuqala, nayo eyaziwa njenge-Low Renaissance, eyenzeka e-Italy.
Isigaba sesibili sivela ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha futhi saziwa njengeCinquecento: Isizinda sakhe sobuciko sibhekiswa kubuciko obujwayelekile obaziwa nangokuthi yiRenaissance ephezulu. Ngalesi sigaba, kwavela izibalo ezinkulu ezifana noMiguel Ángel, uRafael, uDa Vinci, phakathi kwabanye. Lesi yisikhathi sosuku lokuzalwa kukaRenaissance.
I-quattrocenter yayigxile eFlorence naseTuscany. Ukucaca okulula nokucacile kwesakhiwo nokuhlobisa bekuyisici esiyisisekelo sokwakhiwa kwalo mzuzu. Amamodeli akudala athola inqubo yokwenza isitayela futhi aguqulelwa kumathempeli angamaKristu angaleso sikhathi.
ICinquecento yayinesikhungo sayo eRoma. Maphakathi no-1500s uDonato Bramanate waqeda iphrojekthi yakhe edumile ye-Basilica of Saint Peter, okwakuzoba yisakhiwo esasizobeka umsindo ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Ngalesi sigaba, izakhiwo zivame kakhulu isikhumbuzo nobukhulu. Izigodlo zazihlotshiswe ngamatshe asezingeni eliphansi noma ngemifanekiso ebaziwe.
Izici zayo eziyinhloko
Izici ze-Renaissance ziningi futhi zaziwa umhlaba wonke, ngoba sisazibona futhi sizisebenzisa namanje, yize sekuphele iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu ayisithupha, sisaqhubeka nokubabaza ubuciko be-Renaissance futhi sijabulela ulwazi lwefilosofi olutholwe ngaleso sikhathi . Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-Renaissance zazi:
Ubuntu:
Lesi sici singachazwa njengokugcizelelwa okwanikezwa empilweni kulo mhlaba, ngale kwempilo yokomoya okwakukhona phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi.
I-humanists ye-Renaissance yathatha isithakazelo esikhulu kulokho okubhekiswe kumuntu, ekuhlonipheni kwakhe nasemathubeni akhe okuphila kulo mhlaba. Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kabusha bekumele ushintsho olukhulu, njengoba yayidlula isuka empilweni ecabangayo eyayiphilwa eNkathini Ephakathi iye empilweni esebenzayo. Ngale ndlela, kwaba negalelo elikhulu ezifundweni zobuntu.
Ukugunyazwa kobuhle:
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ze-Renaissance kwaba ukwazisa okusha okwanikezwa i-aesthetics nobuciko obuhle. Kubo, imisebenzi yobuciko yaseGrisi naseRoma yasendulo yayinobuhle obukhulu namasiko kunaleyo eyazuzwa ngesikhathi seNkathi Ephakathi.
Yingakho ngesikhathi sokubona isithombe esenziwe ngesikhathi se-Renaissance, lena ibukeka kakhulu njengesithombe sesiGreki. Ngalezi zikhathi, i-aesthetics yabaluleka kakhulu, futhi nabesifazane baqala ukugqoka ngezindlela ezihambisanayo, beqhathanisa nendlela elula yokugqoka eyayikhona eNkathini Ephakathi.
Ukubaluleka kwesayensi nokucabanga:
Ngalesi sikhathi umqondo wokuthi kunencazelo enengqondo ngokuphelele yesayensi yanoma isiphi isimo esivele sikhona wavikelwa, futhi izincazelo ezazinikezwa iSonto LamaKatolika noma ezazingezona izincazelo zesayensi zazinganakwa. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho intuthuko enkulu yesayensi yenziwa khona futhi kwenziwa ucwaningo lokuqala lwesayensi..
umculo:
Umculo wawuthandwa kakhulu ngesikhathi se-Renaissance. Yize e-Low Renaissance yayisetshenziswa njengengxenye yamaMisa amaKhatholika, ngemuva kwesikhashana yasetshenziswa ezinkolweni zamaProthestani nase-troubadours yabonakala emigwaqweni. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni kwenziwe izifundo ezahlukahlukene ukuthola imiphumela yomculo ezingqondweni, futhi ngale ndlela kube nentuthuko enkulu etholakele kule ndawo.
Literatura:
Ingxenye enhle yezici ze-Renaissance yenzeke kulokho esikwaziyo njengezincwadi. Ababhali be-Renaissance abanjengoPetarca noGiovanni Boccaccio babuke kabusha iGrisi neRoma, bevuselela ulimi lwabo lwendabuko kanye namagugu abo.