Ukufunda inqubo umuntu athintana ngayo ngokujulile nemvelo yakhe kanye nezinqubo nezinqubo ezihambisana nakho. Kuyindlela yabo yokuqonda nokwazi indlela izinto ezenzeka ngayo. Yenzeka kanjani le nqubo? Kukusiphi isikhathi ekukhuleni kwethu lapho siqala khona ukufunda? futhi okubaluleke kakhulu Sifunda kanjani? Le yimibuzo eyayazisa izifundo zesayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Kusukela yaqala ukusebenza, i-psychology izamile ukuchaza ukuthi abantu baluthola kanjani, balugcine futhi baluthuthukise kanjani ulwazi. Phakathi kophenyo oluningi kulo mkhakha, lezo ze UJean Piaget owayengusosayikholoji waseSwitzerland odume ngamagalelo akhe ezifundweni zokukhula kwengqondo nokuqonda kwengane, okubhekwe ukuthi kwaba nomthelela odlulele ezifundweni zesayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Izifundo zikaPiaget zinquma ngezigaba inqubo yentuthuko yentuthuko yokufunda.
Umbono wokuthuthuka kwengqondo
Izifundo ezenziwayo zabeka izisekelo zalokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-psychology yezingane, futhi imibono ephakanyisiwe yayinomsuka ekubukeni kokuziphatha kokuthuthuka kwezingane zale ngqondo. Le mbono yaziwa ngenxa yayo kuvela izifundo ezaziwa kakhulu zePiaget.
Esinye seziyalezo zokuqala ukuveza ukuthi lowo mqondo uqala ngaphambi kolimi futhi uyisisekelo somcabango, ngakho-ke ubuhlakani, luhlobo "Igama elejwayelekile" isetshenziselwa ukuqamba uchungechunge lwemisebenzi kakhonkolo enquma ukusebenza kwemvelo nokuthuthuka komuntu okuyo.
Umbono wokuqonda usungula ukuthi ubuhlakani ezinganeni bugxile ekukhuleni kobuhlakani futhi indlela yokukukhuthaza kungukutholwa kwamakhono noma amakhono. KuPiaget, ubuhlakani buqukethe inqubo yokuzivumelanisa nezinto eziphilayo, futhi ngokungafani nalokho okusungulwe kweminye imibono, kulokhu kubhekwa ukuthi lowo muntu udlala indima ebonakalayo nokunquma ekutholeni ulwazi lwabo.
Kwenzeka kanjani ukukhula kwengqondo?
Abantu basebenza ekufuneni njalo ibhalansi, ngakho-ke lapho okuhlangenwe nakho okusha kufakwa ezinhlelweni zethu, sihlala siphila inqubo yokwamukela (ukufana), ilandelwe enye yokuzivumelanisa nezinguquko (indawo yokuhlala).
Lapho lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho nezinhlelo kuhambelana, ibhalansi iyagcinwa, kepha, uma lokho okuhlangenwe nakho kungqubuzana nezinhlelo zomuntu uqobo, futhi obekusungulwe ngaphambilini, kwenzeka ukwethuka okubangela ukungalingani, ukubonakaliswa kokuqala ukudideka, bese ngifunda ngalezi zindlela esezibalulwe ngaphambili. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemicabango yangaphambilini kanye nale misha kubeka ukusebenza kwama-neuron ethu, kuvele ukukhiqizwa kwemibono, izixazululo nama-paradigms amasha, ekugcineni okungachazwa njengokufunda.
Ngokufingqa, konke kuqala ngesikhuthazo esingalingani izinhlelo zethu, ngoba lapho kubhekene nalolu shintsho olwenziwe, uchungechunge lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo lubangelwa olungafingqwa ngezindlela ezimbili zokufunda:
- Ukugcwala: Lesi yisigaba sokuqala, leso esiseduze nokuphazamiseka. Ukusabela kwemvelo kusiholela ekuzizweniindawo engaziwa "Silinde ushintsho oluvezwa yilolu hlelo olusha, bese kuthi kancane kancane samukele ukwenzeka kwalo. Kwezinye izimo, ikakhulukazi kokuhlangenwe nakho okungekuhle, ukusabela kokuqala kungaba okokuphika.
- Indawo yokuhlala: Lapho nje umthelela wokuqala usunqotshiwe, ngokusebenzisa izinqubo zengqondo saqala ukusebenza ukuze "samukele" lesi sipiliyoni esisha, sasihlanganisa nezingqondo zethu.
Inhlangano kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezigxobo zayo ezimbili zokufaniswa nendawo yokuhlala, kwakha ukusebenza okuhlala njalo futhi okuvamile empilweni, kepha okwaziyo ukudala amafomu noma izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene. Ekuthuthukisweni kokuzijwayeza ngokwenziwa, ubufakazi obusha buhambisana nohlelo lwangaphambilini. Ekuthuthukisweni kokuzivumelanisa nendawo yokuhlala, uhlelo olwedlule kufanele luguqulwe, ukwamukela okuhlangenwe nakho okusha. Ukuze lokhu kuthuthuka kwengqondo kwenzeke.
Izigaba ezine zikaPiaget
Isiteji seSensorimotor (iminyaka engu-0-2)
Usana olusanda kuzalwa lunokuziphatha okuvezwa ukucabanga okungokwemvelo, ingane iphendula isisusa, kepha ayikwazi ukuxhumanisa izenzo nokunyakaza ngenhloso echaziwe. Ingxenye yalezi zingqondo ichazwa njenge: ukujikeleza, ukuncela noma ukubamba, okuzothola amandla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Phakathi neminyaka emibili yokuqala yokuphila, intuthuko igxila koku Ama-sensorimotor izikimu njengoba ingane ihlola umhlaba wezinto. Ukuziphatha okuthile nakho kuyasungulwa, kepha ukuthuthukiswa kwezikimu zokukhuluma nokukhumbula kuncane futhi akuhambisani nakancane.
Kulesi sigaba se-Piaget, kugxilwe kuzisusa ezibaluleke kakhulu emvelweni eseduze. Ingane iyakhula, futhi izenzo zomzimba ezazingukucabanga kokuqala ziqala ukuguquka zibe yizinhlelo ezilawulwayo zenzwa; ubude bokunakwa buthathelwa indawo, futhi ingane iyazi ngokuhlala kwezinto futhi inikeze amasiginali wesikhumbuzo, iqala ukufuna uma isuswa. Ukuqonda kokutholwa kobudlelwano besizathu nomphumela obuchaza izehlakalo ezenzeka eduze kwakhe kuqala, futhi ingane ikhombisa izimpawu zokuzivumelanisa nomongo ozungezile ngokulingisa izenzo zabanye.
Lapho besondela eminyakeni emibili ubudala, izingane ziqala ukufaka ngaphakathi amakhono okuziphatha, ngokwakha ama-scheme wokuqonda afana ne- umcabango futhi i umcabangonjengoba benza besebenzisa umcabango wabo ngokuya ngezinkumbulo zokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini esimweni esifanayo.
Intuthuko kuleli banga lobudala ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezingaphansi ezilandelayo:
- Isigaba esingezansi 1: Kubandakanya isikhathi esisukela enyangeni engu-0 kuye kwayi-1, lapho usana lisebenzisa khona ingqondo.
- Isigaba esingezansi 2Esikhathini sezinyanga ezi-1 kuye kwezi-4, ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphethini alula kuye kwabonwa enganeni.
- Isigaba esingezansi 3: Kusukela ezinyangeni ezi-4 kuya kwezi-8, ingane iqala ukukhombisa izimpawu zokuvuthwa ngokuxhumanisa amaphethini.
- Isigaba esingezansi 4: Kusuka ezinyangeni eziyi-8 kuye kwezingu-12, kunezibonakaliso zokuzinikela ezenzweni
- Isigaba esingezansi 5: Phakathi kwezinyanga eziyi-12 nezingu-18, ingane ihlangabezana nokusebenzisana okusha.
- Isigaba esingezansi 6: Ekugcineni, phakathi kwezinyanga eziyi-18 nezingama-24, ukwakhiwa okumelwe kokuxhumanisa okusha kuyenzeka.
Isigaba sokusebenza (iminyaka emi-2 kuya kwengu-7)
Phakathi kwezifundo zikaPiaget, lokhu kubonakala ngokuthi ingane inciphisa umzimba wayo ngokuthola okungajwayelekile okuvusa isithakazelo sayo. Usana kule nkathi lubonakala ngokuqaphelisisa, ngokugxila ezintweni ezahlukahlukene. Bhekisisa indawo lapho into inyamalala khona. Lo mbono unqume ukuthi izinhlaka eziningi ezivela kulesi sigaba ziyisinyathelo sokuqala sokutholwa komqondo wento.
Ngokwengxenye yayo, ukufunda kuyaqoqeka ngokwengeziwe futhi kuncike ekuboneni ngokushesha, umuntu uqala ukuthuthukisa i- amandla okuqonda. Umcabango uqala ukuthatha ifomu likakhonkolo, ukhula ngale ndlela elandelayo:
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- Ukucabanga okungokomfanekiso nokwandulelayo (iminyaka emi-2 kuye kwengu-4): Ukucabanga okungokomfanekiso kuvela ngenxa yomsebenzi ongokomfanekiso, okuyikhono lokuvusa amagama noma izithombe ngengqondo.
- Ukucabanga okunembile (iminyaka engu-4-7): Liyini ikhono lokukhiqiza ulwazi, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwangaphambilini noma ukucabanga.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zengqondo ezidingekayo ukukhiqiza le micabango, kwenza kube nokwenzeka isisombululo sezinkinga ngendlela ehlelekile, ebonakala ngobudlelwano bezimo zesimo samanje nezinhlelo ezakheke ngaphambili ezigcinwe kwimemori, zibuka imisebenzi ngaphandle kokwenza. Isibonelo sazo ukuthi izingane ziqala ukucabanga ngemisebenzi elandelanayo, efana nokwakha ngamabhulokhi noma ukukopisha izinhlamvu, njll. Ukucabanga okunengqondo kuyakhuthazwa, kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokuqonda, olumele okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kwangaphambilini, ukubikezela imiphumela yezenzo ezingaba khona.
Isigaba semisebenzi ethile (iminyaka engu-7 kuya kwengu-11)
Ucwaningo lukaPiaget luchaza ukuthi izingane ziyaqala ukusebenza kule minyaka yobudala, okusho ukuthi ama-schema, njengokucabanga kwawo okunengqondo kanye namakhono okuxazulula izinkinga, ahlelwe ngendlela yokusebenza ngokhonkolo nokumelela kwengqondo kwezenzo ezingaba khona.
Yini esikubiza ngokusebenza kokhonkolo?
- Izenzo zokuqoqa nokuhlukanisa izinto ngokulandela iphethini.
- Amandla okubeka izinto ngochungechunge.
- Okunye ukusebenza kokhonkolo ukuphika, ukuqaphela ukuthi isenzo singanqatshwa noma sihlehliswe ukubuyisa isimo sokuqala.
- Ubunikazi, noma ukuqashelwa kokuthi izinto ezibonakalayo zigcina ivolumu noma ubuningi bazo noma zishintsha, zehlukaniswe zaba izingxenye, noma zaguqulwa ngenye indlela ngokubukeka, inqobo nje uma kungekho okungeziwe noma okususiwe.
- Ukunxephezela noma ukwenzelana, okubandakanya ukuqaphela ukuthi ushintsho kubukhulu bulinganiselwa ushintsho olunxephezelayo noma olubuyisanayo.
Ukusebenza kukakhonkolo kuvumela izingane ukuthi zakhe izinhlaka zokuxazulula izinkinga ezithile, zizisize zikhulise amakhono ukuzefunda ukufunda ", okumayelana nokuqwashisa abantu ngendlela ulwazi olungatholakala ngayo (i-meta-cognition). Kulesi sigaba, amakhono wokubonisana anengqondo nawo ayatholakala asiza lowo muntu ukuba enze umqondo wokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo okujwayelekile. Lapho nje izingane sezisebenza ekucabangeni kwazo, zihleleka ngokwengeziwe njengoba ziya emazingeni aphezulu ebhalansi. Izikimu zabo ziba ezinze kakhudlwana, ezinokwethenjelwa futhi zihlanganiswe kwisakhiwo esiqondakalayo sokuqonda, zihlanganiswe njengoba zisekelana, ukuze zisetshenziselwe ukucabanga okunengqondo nokuxazulula izinkinga.
Isigaba semisebenzi esemthethweni (iminyaka eyi-11 kuye kwengu-16)
Lesi sigaba sicabanga ngesikhathi sokusebenza ngokusemthethweni, futhi siqala cishe eminyakeni eyi-12 ubudala futhi sihlangana kancane kancane ebusheni nasebusheni obudala. Kunqunywa yikhono lokucabanga ngamagama angokomfanekiso nokuqonda okunengqondo okuqukethwe okungabonakali ngaphandle kokudinga izinto ezibonakalayo noma ukucabanga okuncike kulwazi olwedlule ngezinto ezinjalo.
Kukholakala ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa okufanele kwemisebenzi esemthethweni kubonakala kwenzeka kuphela kubantu abanezinhlaka zokuqonda ezikhuthazekile futhi zahlanganiswa kahle ezingeni lokucabanga kokusebenza okuphathekayo. Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi abantu abaphethe imisebenzi esemthethweni emiphakathini entula izinhlelo ezisemthethweni zokufunda. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa kusekelwe ezifundweni ezenziwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezinqunywe nguPiaget: njengokuhlolwa kwezenzo ze-pendulum, noma incazelo yezimbangela zokugoba imigoqo.
Kuyini ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni?
Yiyo yonke leyo misebenzi ehlanganisa izici ezinengqondo nezezibalo, kufaka phakathi amakhono wokucabanga asetshenziswe ekucabangeni okuthuthukile. Phakathi kwezifundo zikaPiaget, lokhu kunquma ukuvela kokucabanga okuzungeze imibono engaqondakali, noma maqondana nokusondela kwamathuba okucabanga angakaze enzeke ngokoqobo. Abantu abasebenza kahle ngokusemthethweni bangakwazi ukubona ubunjalo kanye nemiphumela ebucayi yobudlelwano phakathi kwalezi ziphakamiso ezimbili ngokuklama nokudweba iziphetho kuzilingo ezifuna ukuthuthukisa izimpendulo zesayensi ezinkingeni ezingaqinisekiswa.
Ngabe bonke abantu benza imisebenzi esemthethweni?
Akubona bonke abantu abathuthukisa amakhono abo kule ndawo, ngoba ukuhlanganiswa kwayo kudinga isenzo esiqondayo nesigxile emigomweni. Ngisho nasemiphakathini ethuthuke ngokwengeziwe, kunqunywe ukuthi abantu abathile kuphela, mhlawumbe idlanzana, abenza imisebenzi ehlelekile ngokwanele lapho ama-schema ahlanganiswa aze afike lapho angavezwa khona, ngendlela engokomfanekiso, njengezimiso ezingaqondakali zezibalo noma ezinengqondo. ingasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokubhekisela ezintweni eziphathekayo noma ezithombeni. Ukuze ufinyelele kuleli zinga, udinga ukuqonda imiqondo esezingeni eliphakeme kufilosofi, izibalo, nesayensi, kanye neminye imiqondo eminingi efundiswa ezifundweni zasekolishi kunoma yisiphi isifundo.
Kukhona iqembu labagxeki, abathi baveze imibono yabo ephikisana neziphetho ezithathwe kulezi zivivinyo, bekhomba ukuthi lo mphumela awubalulekanga ngokuphelele, ngoba usekelwe ekuhlolweni komuntu ngamunye kolwazi lwesayensi yakudala yaseNtshonalanga, okuphakamisa ukuthi ubufakazi Ukusebenza okuhlelekile kungahle kuvele uma abantu abavela emiphakathini engathuthuki bebuzwa ngezinto abazijwayele. Yize le mbono ingaba eyiqiniso, ayikakhonjiswa ngokukholisayo. Ngokwabo, ukuqhathanisa emphakathini wabantu abaye noma abangakafundi esikoleni esisemthethweni basikisela ukuthi amaqembu afundiswe ezikoleni awagcini ngokwazi ukufunda nokubhala kuphela kepha futhi afunda ukubhekana nokukhishwa, ukuhlela izinto ngezigaba ngokuya ngokuthi Ziyahluka ngokunengqondo ezinhlanganweni kutholakala kokuhlangenwe nakho kwemvelo nasekukhohliseni imiqondo ngokunengqondo ngaphandle kokwenza izenzo zomzimba noma ukubhekisa kulwazi lwangaphambilini.
Ukubaluleka kwezifundo zikaPiaget
Omunye wabacabangi ababaluleke kakhulu ngekhulu lokugcina kwakungu-psychologist uJean Piaget, ngoba izindlela zakhe zaguqula umkhakha wokufundwa kokukhuliswa kwezingane, kanye nemibono eyayisingathwa ngakho, kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni komlando wolwazi. Imisebenzi yakhe yayinempikiswano, ngoba babebuza amapharadayimidi ezemfundo ayesetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukubukwa nokuchazwa kwentuthuko esigabeni sokuqala sempilo yomuntu, nokuhlukaniswa kwayo ngezigaba, kwandise ukuqonda kule ndawo, okwenza inqubo yokufundisa isondele futhi ihambisane nezidingo zangempela zomuntu esigabeni ngasinye .
Lo mbono ubhekene ikakhulu nokuvela kohlelo lwezemfundo.