Ziyizinto ezenziwe ngumsebenzi womuntu, zivame ukumelana kakhulu nokuhlala unomphela kunezemvelo, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ekwakheni nasekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo eminingi.
Lezi zinto zokwakha zithathe indawo yemvelo ikakhulu, njengezikhwama zamaphepha, ezepulasitiki, ukusetshenziswa kwezindwangu zemvelo zezindwangu ezenziwe kule nhlanganisela efanayo, kanye namabhodlela alahlwayo abonakala Kweziningi zeziqukathi ezazisetshenziswa ingilazi.
Lokhu kwakha okungaphansi kwesigamu nje kwalokho okuqukethe zonke izinto ezikhona emhlabeni, futhi kushibhile kakhulu kunokwemvelo, futhi akululazi kalula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okudale impikiswano ethile kwabezemvelo njengoba kushiwo kudale izinkinga emvelweni.
Yini izinto zokwenziwa?
Lezi yizinto ezenziwe ngokusetshenziswa kokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali, okufuna ukulingisa izinqubo ezithile zemvelo, ukwenza ngcono izici zazo, ukudala izinto ezinokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okungcono maqondana nokuqina nokumelana.
Lokhu kungokwemvelo, ngoba ngeke kutholakale nezinqubo zemvelo emhlabeni, kuze kube namuhla kuye kwadalwa inani lama-26 lalezi zinhlanganisela ezinezinombolo ze-athomu ezisuka ku-85 kuye ku-118, kukhona nezinye izinto ezidalwe ngokwenziwa, ngokuhamba kweminyaka kwatholakala umthombo wemvelo walokhu, njenge-plutonium.
Izici zezinto zokwenziwa
Izinto zokwenziwa, ikakhulukazi amapulasitiki, zakhiwa nge-resin eyisisekelo, okuyiyona nto eyinhloko yalezi zinto, zithathwa ngamafutha, futhi zakhiwa ngama-macromolecule, nawo akhiwa inyunyana yamakhulu ama-molecule, izinqubo thola la macromolecule ami kanjena.
I-Polyaddition
Kungukusabela okutholakala ngokukhipha ukushisa okuphezulu okwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye ukufaka ama-monomers amabili noma ngaphezulu, ngale nqubo injoloba yokwenziwa ingatholakala.
Polymerization
Iqala ngokungeza i-catalyst kanye ne-accelerator yokusabela esetshenziswa ngemvamisa enkulu, iqukethe ukuhlangana kwama-molecule amabili ahambisanayo nawodwa ukuthola ama-molecule amakhulu.
I-Polycondensation
Ama-molecule amabili afuna ukusebenzisana phakathi kwawo, akhiqiza ama-macromolecule, lapho ama-molecule amakhulu njengalawo aqala ukufakwa kwe-polymerization engatholakali, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi akha ndawonye, okwenza lokho kubambezele yonke inqubo.
Izinto zokwenziwa eziyinhloko nokusetshenziswa kwazo
Ukuba izinto ezenziwe ngokusobala ngumuntu, lokhu kuyasiza kakhulu kwezentengiso, ngoba inhloso enkulu yalokhu ukudala imikhiqizo ehlala isikhathi eside futhi engazweli, ukwanelisa izidingo zomthengi, futhi phakathi kwezinto eziyinhloko ezimbonini zokukhiqiza kukhona Ngokulandelayo.
Ipulasitiki
Yinto engabekwa futhi ibunjwe kwisidingo sayo, futhi ayinayo indawo yokuhwamuka, futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu izimboni namuhla, futhi iyisakhi esiyinhloko sezinto eziningi zokwenziwa.
Uhlobo lokuqala lweplastiki olwalubonwa emlandweni lwalungonyaka we-1860 lapho indoda ihlela umqhudelwano womuntu owasungula okokusebenza okuzothatha isikhundla sezinyo lendlovu ngamabhilidi amabhilidi, owaphumelela futhi wawungumkhiqizo obaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
IPlastiki inesakhiwo se-macromolecular, okuyizinto zamakhemikhali ezaziwa ngama-polymers, atholakala ngenxa ye-polymerization. Lezi zinezimfanelo ezinhle ezihlukile njengesisindo esilula kakhulu, ukumelana nokonakala okhiqizwa imvelo nanoma imuphi umbala ungasetshenziswa.
Lokhu nakho kulula kakhulu ukusebenza, ukumelana nokugqwala, kungama-insulators angenamanzi futhi amahle, phakathi kwezinye izici eziningi lolu lwazi olusetshenziswa kabanzi namuhla olunazo.
Elastane
Eyaziwa ngokuhweba njenge-lycra noma i-spandex, i-urethane copolymer eyenziwe ngama-95% esewonke ama-polyurethanes ahlukanisiwe, isisekelo sawo esiyinhloko i-polybutenic ether, ngaleyo ndlela ethola amaketanga amakhulu wamangqamuzana, angakha ama-monofilaments noma ama-multifilaments
Kuyindwangu emnandi ekuthintweni futhi yeluleka kalula, isetshenziswa kakhulu kwezemidlalo ngoba ivumelana nomzimba futhi inikeze induduzo eyedlulele ukuyisebenzisa, isebenza njengentambo eqhubekayo ngenxa yesici sayo sokuba yi-monofilament noma i-multifilament njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngenhla. .
Zonke izinhlobo zezingubo zikhiqizwa ngale nto, njengamahembe ezemidlalo, ama-leggings noma i-lycra, amasokisi ezemidlalo, izingubo zangaphansi, izingubo zokubhukuda noma amasudi okugeza, phakathi kokunye okuningi.
Inayiloni
Okweqembu lama-polyamide, lapho i-diamine ifakwe i-polyaconded nge-diacid, le polymer yenziwa, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Nylon ngophawu lwentengiso "iNylon" futhi kukholakala ukuthi leli gama lanikezwa ngabasebenzi bezinsizakalo zokuhambisa, kutholwe Kwakunzima kakhulu ukubiza igama langempela, ngakho-ke balinika izinhlamvu zokuqala zamadolobha amakhulu abalithumelayo, okwakunguNew York neLondon, bethatha izinhlamvu u-NY kwezokuqala no-LON kwesesibili.
Le ngxenye isetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ukudala imikhiqizo efana nezikulufo, izinjini noma izingxenye zemishini, inayiloni yokudoba, uziphu, phakathi kwabanye.
I-Carbon fiber
Lawa amashidi adalwe ekhaya lekhabhoni aqukethe imicu emihle cishe yama-micrometer ayi-5 kuye kwayi-10 alingana nokweshumi kwalokho okungaba yi-millimeter, anokufana okuningi ngensimbi ngokuya ngezici zayo zemishini, yona ikhombisa ukumelana okuningi ukuthi lokhu lapho kuthinta into ebuthuntu.
Ekuqaleni kwakuyizinto ezibiza ngokweqile ezazisetshenziselwa izinzuzo zasemkhathini kuphela, kepha lokhu kwehlisa izindleko, futhi ezinye izimboni zaqala ukusizakala ngamandla alo afana nensimbi, kepha isisindo esilula ngokumangalisayo esifana naleso upulasitiki.
Okokuqala baqale ngezinto zokuhamba, izimoto bezilokhu zimelana futhi zilula, okwakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezinjini ezinamandla amancane kwezinye zezinkampani, nokwengeza intshisekelo kwezohwebo, njengoba Kulezi zinsuku ungabona ubukhona balolu daba ku amabhayisikili, amawashi, izikhwama zemali phakathi kwezinye eziningi ezisetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa nsuku zonke.
Amapulasitiki emvelo
Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-bioplastics, yizinto ezifana kakhulu ngamangqamuzana nama-polymers ajwayelekile, kepha ngomehluko omkhulu ukuthi lezi zenziwa ngemithombo evuselelekayo, ebanikeza ikhwalithi yokukwazi ukwehlisa ngokwemvelo.
Lokhu kuhambisana nesikhathi esizayo, bafunda amathuba okuwasebenzisa njengamabhodlela aqukethe uketshezi olungasetshenziswa ngendlela esebenzisekayo, ngakho-ke uma elahliwe ngeke angcolise umthelela ofanayo owenziwa opulasitiki bokuqala.
Ama-Acrylics
Luyiphepha lepulasitiki elitholwa ngokufaka i-polymerizing methyl methacrylate, lena engamelana kakhulu phakathi kwamapulasitiki asobala, ngenxa yalesi sizathu inenani elikhulu lokuhweba phakathi kwezimboni ezahlukahlukene njengezimoto, ezokwelapha, ukukhanyisa nokuzijabulisa.
Kuyinto elula ukwedlula yonke ukuyilungisa ngokukhwabanisa, inenani eliphansi lokukhiqiza elenza lithandeke kakhulu ngokubuka kwezimboni, elibonakala kaningi nsuku zonke, ngisho nasemihlobisweni yasekhaya, ngenxa yendlela yalo elula yokwenza ukubumbe nokumelana, kwezinye izimo kufane nengilazi, kepha ubuthakathaka bokuqhekeka.
Ayigugi ngemisebe yelanga ye-UV, noma ngokudlula kwezinqubo zemvelo kuyo, okungenani kuze kube ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-10, inezici ezivikela ugesi nokuzinza okushisayo, icace bha kuneglasi, inokukhululeka okukhulu ukuphatha lapho ulungisa futhi ulolonga.
I-Kevlar
Luhlobo lwepulasitiki olumelana kakhulu nolunezici zobunzima lapho luyenziwa, yi-polyamide, okwenza imishini yayo ibe yinkimbinkimbi, kepha lapho lokhu sekutholakele yaqala ukuthengiswa ngokushesha, ngenxa yamandla ayo amakhulu okumelana cishe nanoma yikuphi ukuhlasela.
Ngenxa yalolu daba, kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo engamelana nensimbi, kepha ngesisindo esilula ngokuphelele, njengama-kayaks, amagilavu wokuzivikela ekusikeni noma okusikiwe, amasudi wesikhala, izintambo ze-USB zamadivayisi eselula, amavesti okuvimbela izinhlamvu, izigqoko zokuhamba ngezithuthuthu kanye nefomula 1, imicu yokuthunga, isetshenziswa kwezinye izinhlobo zezicathulo zemidlalo, phakathi kwezinye eziningi.
Ibuye ibe nezakhiwo ezinjengokumelana okuphezulu nokusikeka, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali, inokuqina kokushisa, inokuhamba okuphansi maqondana nogesi, futhi inesakhiwo esiqinile futhi esiqinile.
Ama-polymers ahlakaniphile
Ngokuthuthuka okukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, kuye kwafunwa ukuthi lezi zinezimfanelo zezinto zemvelo, njengokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezithile zezulu, ukuze kuqhubeke ukuqina kwazo.
Izici zale polymer zenze ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekwenziweni kweminye imikhiqizo enjengamawindi nezibuko ezihlakaniphile, imisipha yokufakelwa, ukuphathwa kwemithi phakathi kokunye okuningi okungathi, yize kungakabi ngokomzimba, kungabonwa esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.emikhiqizweni yansuku zonke.
Umthelela wemvelo wezinto zokwenziwa
Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto zokwakha kudale incithakalo enkulu emvelweni, ngenxa yokuthengwa kakhulu kwabantu mayelana nemikhiqizo equkethe izinto zepulasitiki, ezidale inqwaba yemfucuza engenazo izimfanelo zokwehlisa isithunzi ngenxa yokubala kwayo , uma kungenjalo kuze kube yiminyaka engaba ngu-200.
Ngasikhathi sinye, njengokuhlaselwa okuphikisayo, kwenziwe imikhankaso yokuphinda isetshenziswe kabusha, ukuze kuthi lapho kulahlwa umkhiqizo wenziwe kabusha, ukuze izinsalela zalokhu zivumele ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo emisha, kube ngumjikelezo wokusetshenziswa.
Kuze kwafundwa namathuba okudala ama-polymers abolayo, njengama-bioplastics, enziwe ngezinto zokwakha ezenziwe kabusha ezi-organic.