Ukuhlolwa kwe-IQ - Ziyini, zenzelwe ini futhi zihlukaniswa kanjani?

Ubuhlakani buchazwa njengalelo khono abantu abanalo funda, uqonde, ucabange, uhumushe; okubavumela ukuthi bakhe umbono weqiniso futhi bathuthukise amakhono okuxazulula izinkinga ezahlukahlukene ezivelayo. Esihlokweni esilandelayo sizochaza indlela yokukala lo mthamo, nokuhlukile izinhlobo zokuhlolwa kobuhlakani ekhona

Kuyini ukuhlolwa kobunhloli?

G. Ukubhoboza ukubachaze kalula njenganoma yiluphi uvivinyo ongalinganiswa ngalo ubuhlakani. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inezincazelo ezihlukile kumbono wethiyori kanye nokusebenza.Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi kukhona okuthiwa yi-Gardner theory, ethi kunezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zobuhlakani: yezilimi, okunengqondo-kwezibalo, kwendawo, umculo, ukusikisela komzimbal; nezinhlobo ezimbili zobuhlakani bomuntu (ukusebenzelana nabantu nokusebenzelana nabanyel). Okuthathu kokuqala kukalwa ngokuhlolwa kobuhlakani.

Kuyini ukuhlolwa kwe-intelligence?

Bavumela ukunquma, noma ukusungula amazinga aphezulu naphansi ekhono lengqondo kubantu; ukuze kuthuthukiswe izifundo emkhakheni wokuqonda kanye nobuntu babo. Lokhu kuyasiza kakhulu ekutholeni ukukhubazeka kwengqondo ezinganeni nakubantu abadala, futhi nakho kuvumela ukubekwa kwabo ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile ezivumelaniswe namakhono abo, nakho okwenza lula ukukhula kwabo.

Nokho, ukuhlolwa kwezobunhloli Ngezivivinyo abagcini ngokufuna ukukhomba ukubambezeleka noma izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zengqondo. Futhi zilusizo olukhulu ekuboneni izingqondo ezinesiphiwo futhi ngendlela efanayo zibabeke emikhakheni abangasebenza kuyo ngokwenelisayo; lapho kuthuthukiswa khona nokukhiqiza kwabo.

Okunye ukusetshenziswa kokuhlolwa kobuhlakani yilokhu:

• Basebenzela ukwabelwa ukwelulekwa kwezemfundo nezamakhono nokuvuselelwa.
• Endaweni yezemfundo, lezi zivivinyo zisetshenziselwa inqubo yokukhetha nokubeka abafundi ezikhungweni ezithile, ikakhulukazi maqondana nemfundo ephakeme.
• Endaweni yabasebenzi, kusetshenzelwa futhi ukuxilongwa kokukhubazeka okuhlobene nomsebenzi, ngqo ngenxa yesidingo somshwalense.
• Ekukhetheni abasebenzi abafanele imisebenzi ethile kumabhizinisi ahlukene, izinhlangano zezimboni noma zikahulumeni.
• Emkhakheni wezengqondo, izivivinyo zobuhlakani zivumela ukuxilongwa kwengqondo kweziguli zezingane nezabantu abadala ezimeni ezahlukahlukene zemitholampilo.
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, bavumela ukuhlola ukusebenza kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwelashwa kwengqondo ezisetshenziswa kwiziguli ezinokuphazamiseka okuthile.

Izinhlobo zokuhlolwa kobuhlakani

Zonke lezi zivivinyo zinomgomo ofanayo, okuwukulinganisa ubuhlakani. Kodwa-ke, kuzoba nokwehluka phakathi kokunye ngokuya kwendlela esetshenzisiwe, futhi yilokhu okuholela isidingo sokwehlukaniswa kwabo. Indlela ejwayelekile yokuhlukanisa lezi zivivinyo ngokuya ngenombolo yabantu esisetshenziswa kubo. Ngale ndlela, sinezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuhlolwa kobuhlakani: umuntu ngamunye neqoqo noma iqembunoma; lapho kuvela khona izivivinyo ezahlukahlukene eziphakanyiswe ngochwepheshe kuwo wonke umlando. Incazelo eningiliziwe yazo inikezwe ngezansi.

Ukuhlolwa komuntu ngamunye kobuhlakani

Ukuvivinywa kobuhlakani bomuntu ngamunye yilokho okuhlose ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwamakhono athile kumuntu oyedwa ngasikhathi. Ngenxa yalokhu, kungaba ngabo ukuthi ukuhlolwa okuphumelelayo komuntu kutholakale. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umhloli uzozimisela ngokwengeziwe ukubona izindlela ezithile zokuziphatha ezifana usizi, ukuphazamiseka, ukukhungatheka, kanye nesu lokuxazulula izinkinga, futhi ungathatha izinyathelo zokuyikhuthaza ngempumelelo.

Phakathi kwezimpawu eziyinhloko zalezi zinhlobo zokuhlolwa kobuhlakani kukhona okulandelayo:

• Banendlela yomhlaba wonke, njengoba befuna ukuhlola amakhono okuqonda ngendlela ejwayelekile.
• Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlolwa okuhlangene, abahloli banganaka kakhulu abahloli ekuhlolweni ngakunye ukuze bathole imiphumela ethembeke kakhudlwana.
• Zisetshenziswa emitholampilo, ezibhedlela nasezindaweni lapho kutholakala khona ukuxilongwa kwemitholampilo.

Ngokwengxenye enkulu, izivivinyo zobuhlakani ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlola amakhono engqondo ezinganeni nakubantu abadala ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene zithathwe emisebenzini kaLewis Terman noDavid Wechsler. Kodwa-ke, kukhona okunye ukuhlolwa komuntu ngamunye okwenzelwe ukuhlolwa kwengqondo kwezingane nabantu abadala abanezinkinga zolimi noma zomzimba; lokhu futhi kusekelwe emisebenzini kaTerman noWechsler, kepha yehlukile kweyokuqala.

Nokho, i Isikali Sobunhloli saseStanford-Binet Yiso ebesisebenza isikhathi eside njengezinga lokulinganisa ubuhlakani bomuntu ngamunye ezinganeni. UTerman noWechsler basebenze kaningana ukuthuthukisa lesi sikali. Imiphumela yokuguqulwa ngakunye ichazwe ngezansi:

1. Isikali sika-1916: Kwakuyisilinganiso lapho ukuhanjiswa kwahlelwa khona ngokuya ngeminyaka yokulandelana kwabantu okwasetshenziswa kubo. Amandla engane ahlolwe kusuka eminyakeni emibili kuya ekubeni mdala. Ubudala bengqondo kanye ne-quotient yezobunhloli kuzoya ngemibono ethize edluliswe emazingeni eminyaka elandelanayo.
2. Isikali sika-1937: Kulokhu, umhloli wahlola iminyaka yobudala yengane, kwase kuba yiminyaka yobudala enkulu futhi ekugcineni wabala iminyaka yobuchopho kanye ne-coefficient yobuhlakani ngokwezimiso zesikali sika-1916. Lolu uhlelo lwesibili lwesikali saseStanford. -I-Binet, futhi waba nentuthuko kwezakhe ukusimamisa, futhi ngomkhawulo ophansi nomkhawulo ongaphezulu ophakeme kunowangaphambilini.
3. Isikali sika-1960: Njengakumahlelo adlule, ibifuna ukukala ubuhlakani balowo nalowo muntu kusukela eminyakeni yobudala eyi-2 baze bafinyelele ebudaleni. Enye into esetshenziswayo yethulwe ukuthi isebenze njengesilinganiso lapho enye isetshenziswe ngokungeyikho, noma ingasetshenziswa.
4. Uhlelo lwesine lwesilinganiso seStandford Binet: Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwesilinganiso kufaka phakathi izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunezedlule. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuhloselwe ukuxilonga ukukhubazeka okuthile kokufunda, izimo zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, noma abantu abanesiphiwo. Ngaphambi kokubulawa kwayo, i- Ukuhlolwa Komzila, ukunquma ukuthi ezinye izivivinyo zizoqala ezingeni lini. Kuthatha cishe imizuzu engama-75, kepha lokhu kuzohluka kuye ngobudala bomhloli.

1. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Wechsler: Isivivinyo seStanford-Binet sasihlanganisa izindlela ezisebenza kubantu abadala, kodwa-ke, kwakudingeka ukuthi kuthuthukiswe izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlolwa kwabantu ngabanye kwabantu abadala. UDavid Wechsler wawenza lo msebenzi, washicilela okokuqala kwalokhu kuhlolwa ngo-1939. Kodwa-ke, eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ichazwe ngezansi:

• Isikali se-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Siqukethe ama-subtests wokusebenza amahlanu kanye nezinciphiso eziyisithupha zomlomo, okudingeka imizuzu engama-75 kuyo. Izihloko ezilandelayo zihlolisiswa lapha: ulwazi, ukugcwaliswa kwezithombe, ukuhleleka kwezithombe, ukwakheka kwekhiyubhu, izibalo, ukuhlangana kwento, ukuqonda, izimpawu zamadijithi, nokufana. Ukuma kwawo kuhlanganisa abantu abaneminyaka ephakathi Iminyaka ye-16 ne-74.
• I-WAIS III: Imininingwane, ulwazimagama nokuqonda okuqondiwe kuyabhekwa lapha. Ukumiswa kwayo kufaka phakathi abantu abadala phakathi Iminyaka ye-16 ne-84 okudala. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla engqondo nenkumbulo yomuntu ngamunye buyahlolwa.
• Isikali Se-Wechsler Intelligence Scale Sezingane, uHlelo Lwesithathu: Lesi isivivinyo esenzelwe izingane ezineminyaka ephakathi kuka- Iminyaka ye-6 ne-16 okudala. Kufaka phakathi ukukhohlisa ngomlomo okulandelayo: imininingwane, ukufana, izibalo, ulwazimagama, ukuqonda kanye nesikhawu samadijithi. Futhi ukuvivinywa okungaphansi kokwenziwa: ukuqedwa kwemidwebo nezithombe, ukufaka amakhodi, ukuhlelwa kwemidwebo, ukwakheka kwamacube, ukuhlangana kwezinto, ukusesha izimpawu nezimpawu, yize lezi ezimbili zokugcina zihambisana.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokuhlolwa kobuhlakani ngazinye ngaphandle kwalezo ezenziwa esikalini seStandford-Binet kanye nezika Wechsler. Phakathi kwabo singasho:

• Isikali samakhono ehlukile.
• Ukuhlolwa kweDetroit kweKhono Lokufunda.
• Ukuhlolwa kobuhlakani bukaKaufman.
• Ukuhlolwa kukaWoodcock-Johnson III wamakhono okuqonda.
• Uhlelo lokuhlola ukuqonda kwe-Das-Naglieri.
• Ukuhlolwa okungakhulumi ngomlomo kwabakhubazekile.

Ukuhlolwa kokuhlangana noma kweqembu

Ngokuvamile, izivivinyo zobuhlakani ezihlangene zigxila ekubikezeleni noma ekunqumeni ukusebenza kwezemfundo noma kokusebenza kweqembu elithile labantu. Phakathi kwezici ezivelele kakhulu zokuhlolwa kobuhlakani ngokuhlanganyela esingazisho:

• Ngokuphikisana nalokho okukholelwa, ukuhlolwa kobuhlakani okusetshenziswe emaqenjini kungakhipha imiphumela ethembeke kakhulu kunaleyo naleyo equkethwe ezimeni ezithile.
• Kwesinye isikhathi kushibhile kunezivivinyo zomuntu ngamunye.
• Isetshenziswa ekukhetheni emkhakheni wezemfundo nowezabasebenzi.

Ukuhlolwa kobuhlakani okuhlangene kungasetshenziswa emaqenjini amakhulu abantu abadala, noma kwinani elincane lezingane ezincane, ezineminyaka yobudala iphakathi kweminyaka emihlanu nengu-5 ubudala. Ngesikhathi sokufakwa kokugcina, kuyadingeka ukuthi kube nabantu abaqinisekisa ukuthi abahloli baziqonda ngokugcwele iziyalezo nezinyathelo zokuhlolwa, njengokuthi ziqala futhi ziphele ngesikhathi esibonisiwe, ngokwesibonelo.

Uhlobo lwe Ukuhlolwa kokuqonda Iqoqo lingavele libe nesethi yemibuzo enezinqumo eziningi ehlelwe ngemodeli yebhasi lokuvuthwa, lapho izinto ezinobunzima obulinganayo zihlelwe ndawonye, ​​futhi lezo ezinobunzima obuhlukile ziyalelwa ngokulandelana. Olunye uhlobo kungaba ukusebenza kwezivivinyo ezingaphansi ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene.

Lezi zivivinyo ezihlangene ziqhamuke ekubambeni iqhaza komfundi owaziwa njengo-Arthur Otis esifundweni se- Isikali se-Standford-Bine Intelligence Scalekuyalelwa nguLewis Ternan uqobo. U-Otis uphakamise ukuguqula imisebenzi ehlukile esivivinyweni seStandford-Binet ngepensela nephepha, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwengezwa eminye imisebenzi yombhali futhi yakha lokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi yi-Army Alpha Test. Lesi sakamuva bekungukuhlolwa kwezilimi okungasetshenziswanga okwenzelwa ukukhethwa kwamasosha nezikhundla zawo.

Kodwa-ke, kunezinye izinhlobo zokuhlolwa kwe-intelligence group, phakathi kwazo okuvelele kakhulu kukhona:

• Ukuhlolwa kwamakhono okuqonda: Kungumbhalo wesihlanu weCognitive Skills Test futhi ufuna ukukala amakhono ezingane ukuxazulula izinkinga ezahlukahlukene, ngokusebenzisa izimpawu zomlomo, zokubala nezendawo. Futhi kungalesi sizathu ukuthi ihlala imizuzu engama-30, futhi ngalinye lamazinga ayo akhiwe ngebhethri ye-Verbal, i-Quantitative Battery kanye ne-Non-Verbal Battery, nayo ehlukaniswe.
• Ukuhlolwa kuka-Otis-Lennon Wamandla Esikole: Kusetshenziswa ukukala ukucabanga ngezithombe, ukucabanga ngomfanekiso, ukuqonda ngomlomo, ukubonisana ngamazwi, kanye nokubonisana okulinganayo ezinganeni ezisuka enkulisa kuya ebangeni le-12. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izici ze-Otis Self-Administered Mental Test Test, ezaziwa yisichazamazwi i-OLSAT; kanye ne-Otis Quick Score Mental Test Test kanye ne-Otis-Lennon Mental Test Test.
• Ukuhlolwa Kwabasebenzi Okumangalisayo: Ukuhlolwa okufishane kobuhlakani imibuzo yayo isuselwa ezincazelweni, ubudlelwano bendawo kanye nokuqaliswa kokucabanga okunengqondo kanye nezibalo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-analogies. Kususelwa esivivinyweni se-Otis Self-Administering Test of Mental Amandla.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ubukhulu bokukalwa kobuhlakani bomuntu bubanzi impela, futhi kuzoncika ezintweni ezifana nenani labantu abafundwayo kanye neminyaka yabo. Ngokuya ngalokhu nezinye izinto ezichazwe kule ndatshana, kuzokhethwa indlela evumelana kahle nomuntu noma iqembu labantu.

Siyethemba ukuthi lokhu okuthunyelwe mayelana nokuhlolwa kwezobunhloli kube wusizo olukhulu. Uma unentshisekelo yokufunda kabanzi ngendaba yokucabanga, ubuhlakani kanye namakhono ahlukene wokuqonda anikezwa ubuchopho bomuntu, sikumema ukuthi ubuyekeze ezinye izindatshana ezikuleli khasi.