Impilo eplanethi inqunywa iqoqo lobudlelwano lapho kukhona khona ukugeleza okungavamile kolwazi kanye nokushintshana okuqhubekayo kwezinto namandla. Okubalulekile yikho konke okunesisindo futhi okuhlala endaweni esikhaleni, kwenziwa ngama-athomu, okuyizinto ezingaphansi okuyiyunithi. Izidalwa eziphilayo, amanzi, izinkanyezi, konke okusizungezile kwenziwa ngama-athomu.
Ukwehlukahluka kwezakhi zamakhemikhali inikezwa yizinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zama-athomu. Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-athomu lwakha into ehlukile yamakhemikhali. Njengamanje kwaziwa izakhi zamakhemikhali eziyi-105, ezingama-84 ezitholakala ngokwemvelo kanti ezinye zenziwe ngamalabhoratri.
Njengoba sesishilo, imvelo yakhiwe ngendaba, ngakho-ke yonke into ephilayo nayo yenziwa yindaba, yona yona yakhiwa ngama-athomu futhi lawa akha izinto. Izinto ezakha udaba oluphilayo zaziwa ngegama lama-Bioelements, nawo lawo ahlukaniswa ngokuya ngokuthi abalulekile yini noma cha empilweni: ama-bioelement aphansi kanye nama-bioelements wesibili
Izinto ezibalulekile empilweni
Ama-Bioelement aphambili yilezo zinto ezibalulekile zamakhemikhali, ezikhona ezintweni eziphilayo, kumaseli, izicubu, izitho nezinhlelo ezizenza zisuke kokulula ziye kwezinzima kakhulu. Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, konke okubalulekile, kukonke, noma ngabe kuyaphila noma cha, kwenziwa ngama-athomu, futhi konke okwakhiwa uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwama-athomu kwaziwa njenge-elementi, izakhi, ezaziwa kuze kube manje, zingu-105.
Kumthethosisekelo wezinto eziphilayo singathola okungenani izakhi zamakhemikhali ezizinzile ezingama-70, cishe zonke izakhi ezikhona emhlabeni, zisuse amagesi amahle. Cishe amaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye (99%) azo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikhona, iningi lazo okungamaseli akhiwe ngalezi zinto eziyisithupha: iCarbon (C), i-hydrogen (H2), umoya-mpilo (O2), INitrogen (N2); I-Phosphorus (P) neSulphur (S) okuyi yizona eziningi kakhulu endabeni uyaphila esikuthola ebusweni bomhlaba. Abizwa ngokuthi ama-bioelements ngoba akha ingxenye ebalulekile yomthethosisekelo oyisisekelo noma oyinhloko walabo abaphilayo.
Izinhlobo zama-bioelements
Ngokuya ngokuthi ziyingxenye yomthethosisekelo obalulekile wama-biomolecule wezinto eziphilayo, ama-Bioelements angahlukaniswa abe: ama-bioelement aphambili kanye nama-bioelements wesibili.
Ama-Bioelements aphambili
Yizo zonke lezo zinto eziphilayo eziyingxenye yomthethosisekelo obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo, ngoba ziyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwama-biomolecule ephilayo: amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, i-lipids, ne-nucleic acid. Zakha into ephilayo eyi-net futhi yilezi: I-Carbon (C), i-hydrogen (H2), umoya-mpilo (O2), INitrogen (N2); I-Phosphorus (P) neSulphur (Ama).
Ikhabhoni (C)
Es ingxenye eyisisekelo yawo wonke ama-molecule e-organic, avela kuwo wonke amaketanga njengamathambo anika isimo nokusebenza kuma-biomolecule eziphilayo. Zonke izinhlanganisela eziphilayo zenziwe ngamaketanga e-carbon akha izibopho nezinye izinto noma izinhlanganisela.
Inama-electron amane egobolondweni layo elingaphandle futhi ingenza ama-covalent bond namanye ama-carbons ayivumela ukuthi yakhe amaketanga amade ama-athomu (macromolecule). Lezi zibopho zingashada, ziphindwe kabili noma ziphindwe kathathu. Bangabopha futhi kuma-radicals ahlukahlukene akhiwe ngezinto (-H, = O, -OH, -NH2, -SH, H2PO4) phakathi kokunye, ukuze ikwazi ukwakheka kwenani elikhulu lama-molecule ahlukene, azongenelela ekuphindaphindaneni kwamakhemikhali, futhi ngaleyo ndlela asebenzise ukuhluka okukhona emvelweni.
Ikhabhoni iyinto ebalulekile yezilwane nezitshalo. Kuyingxenye ebalulekile yemolekyuli yeglucose, i-carbohydrate ebalulekile yokwenza izinqubo ezifana nokuphefumula; ibuye ingenele ku-photosynthesis, ngesimo se-CO2 (isikhutha).
ICarbon futhi iyingxenye yelinye i-macromolecule ebalulekile empilweni, leyo ye-DNA, le molekyuli iqukethe imininingwane yezofuzo enikeza umuntu ngamunye izici okungezona ezakhe, futhi zona ezisetshenziswa ngumzimba ukuphindaphinda futhi zidlulisele lolo lwazi inzalo yabo
I-Hydrogen
I-Hydrogen, kanye ne-oxygen, iyingxenye ebalulekile yezinto eziphilayo. Endabeni yamanye ama-lipids, akhombisa kuphela ama-athomu ekhabhoni ne-hydrogen kumthethosisekelo wawo. I-electron ion ene- i-athomu le-hydrogen kusendlalelo sayo sokugcina, ikuvumela ukuthi umise kalula ama-bond nganoma yimaphi ama-bioelements ayinhloko.
Ubumbano olubumbene olwakha phakathi kwekhabhoni ne-hydrogen luqine ngokwanele ukuba luzinze, kepha alunamandla anele ukukuvimbela ekuhlukaniseni futhi ngaleyo ndlela luvumele ukuhlanganiswa kwamanye ama-molecule. Ama-molecule akhiwe, yi-hydrogen nekhabhoni kuphela, ahlangana ne-polar (ayincibiliki emanzini).
I-Oxigen
I-oksijeni ingamandla amakhulu kunawo wonke ama-Bioelements aphambili, futhi uma ihlangana ne-hydrogen, iheha i-electron yayo kuphela, evela ezigxotsheni zikagesi, ngakho-ke ama-radicals -OH, -CHO, ne-COOH ama-radical radar. Lapho lawa ma-radicals eshintsha amanye ama-hydrogens we-carbon chain nama-hydrogens anjenge-glucose (C6H12O6) kuphakamisa ama-molecule njengamanzi ancibilikayo oketshezini lwe-polar.
I-oksijeni, ngenxa ye-electronegativity yayo, inekhono lokuheha ama-electron avela kwamanye ama-athomu. Le nqubo ifaka phakathi ukugqashuka kwezibopho kanye nokudedelwa kwamandla amaningi. Izinhlanganisela zekhabhoni ne-oxygen, zithinta ini ngalokho kwaziwa njengokuphefumula kwe-aerobic, futhi kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokuthola amandla. Enye indlela yokuthola amandla ukuvutshelwa, lokhu kwehlisiwe kusukela ulwelwe nezitshalo, nge-photosynthesis, zaqala ukukhiqiza umoya-mpilo womkhathi wakudala.
Inqubo ye-oxidation yamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo yenziwa ngokususa ama-athomu e-hydrogen avela kuma-athomu ekhabhoni. Umoya-mpilo, njengoba unamandla amaningi, unamandla amakhulu ku-hydrogen electron kunase-carbon electron, yingakho ikwazi ukuwuqala.
Ngakho-ke kwakhiwa amanzi, kukhishwa i-hydrogen kanye nomoya-mpilo kanye nenani elikhulu lamandla okusetshenziswa yizidalwa. Njengoba i-athomu yekhabhoni iqala ukwaba i-electron ne-hydrogen, ngokwabelana ngama-electron ambalwa ne-oxygen, ibhekana nokulahleka kwama-electron, okungukuthi, i-oxidize.
I-nitrogen
I-nitrogen iyinto ecishe ibe ngama-78% engxenye yomkhathi. Futhi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yamaprotheni e-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), obhekene nokudlulisa izinhlamvu zofuzo ezisuka kubazali ziye ezinganeni. I-DNA ikhona kuwo wonke amaseli omzimba, yingakho ukubaluleka kwe-nitrogen kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ngokuvamile, i-nitrogen ayikwazi ukumunwa ngqo, kepha njengengxenye yamanye ama-compounds afana nama-nitrate, ama-nitrites noma ama-ammonium compounds ayiqukethe. Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo, i-nitrogen idinga ukudlula ezigabeni eziningana:
- I-Amonification, inqubo lapho i-nitrogen iguqulwa ibe yi-ammonia.
- I-nitrification equkethe ukuguqula i-ammonia ibe yi-nitrites nama-nitrate.
- Inqubo yokulungisa lapho i-nitrogen idlula ezinkambisweni eziningana ukuze ibe yi-nitrite noma i-nitrate, zombili izinto ezingasetshenziswa ngabantu abaphilayo
I-nitrogen itholakala kuma-amino acid, okungukuthi, kuma-molecule akha amaprotheni, akha amaqembu ama-amino (-NH2) nasezisekelweni ze-nitrogenous ze-nucleic acid. I-nitrogen yigesi eningi kakhulu emkhathiniNgaphandle kwalokhu, zimbalwa kakhulu izinto eziphilayo ezikwazi ukusizakala. Cishe yonke i-nitrogen efakwe ezintweni eziphilayo yi-algae nezitshalo imuncwa ngendlela ye-nitrate ion (NH3).
I-nitrogen kulula kakhulu ukwakha izinhlanganisela zombili i-hydrogen (NH3) njengokomoya-mpilo (NO-), okukuvumela ukuthi kudlule kusuka kolunye uhlobo kuye kolunye, ngaleyo ndlela kukhululwe amandla.
Isibabule Njengengxenye yamaprotheni ama-amino acid abalulekile, amavithamini namahomoni abalulekile, isibabule sibalulekile kubantu nasezilwaneni.
Isalfure imele u-0.25% wesisindo somzimba wethu, lokhu kusho ukuthi umzimba wabantu abadala ojwayelekile uqukethe cishe i-170g yesibabule, okuningi kutholakala kuma-amino acid. I-Sulphur iyingxenye ye-bile acid, ebalulekile ekugayeni nasekunciphiseni amafutha. Isiza ukugcina isikhumba, izinwele nezinzipho ezinempilo futhi inendima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwezicubu. I-Sulphur ivame ukutholakala emifinini efana nama-radishes, izaqathe, imikhiqizo yobisi, ushizi, izinhlanzi zasolwandle nenyama.
Umdlalo
Inani le-phosphorus elikhona emkhathini lincane. Inqolobane enkulu kunazo zonke ye-phosphorus itholakala ezindaweni zasolwandle. Inhlabathi iyakha, ngokubaluleka kwayo inqolobane yesibili yemvelo ye-phosphorus. Futhi singakuthola koqweqwe lomhlaba njengengxenye yamaminerali ahlukahlukene ngenxa yomphumela wesimo sezulu samakhemikhali, ama-phosphates akhishwa kumaminerali, ancibilika futhi ahanjiswe ngamanzi.
Ingxenye yezintaba ze-phosphate, ikakhulukazi ngesimo se-calcium phosphate, kanti enye ingxenye ifinyelela ezilwandle, lapho kunqwabelana khona inani elikhulu le-phosphorus, okuyizinto ezibizwa ngokuthi izicupho ze-phosphorus.
I-Phosphorus ngendlela ye- i-phosphate ephilayo, kubaluleke kakhulu entweni ephilayo kusukela:
- Ingenye yezakhi ze-nucleic acid (i-RNA ne-DNA, eyakha izakhi zofuzo zezinto eziphilayo
- Kutholakala njengengxenye ye-adenosine triphosphate, okuwumthombo wamandla weselula cishe wendawo yonke ezintweni eziphilayo.
- Ingenye yezingxenye zamathambo.