I-Physics iyisayensi eqondile, efundiswayo neyokuhlola efunda izakhiwo zento, amandla, isikhathi nendawo kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwazo. Bheka ukunemba nokunemba eziphethweni zabo nokuthi lokhu kungaqinisekiswa ngokuhlolwa.
Ichaza izinto zemvelo ngemithetho, ingafaki leyo eguqula ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana emizimba. Ihlobene kakhulu nezibalo, ithembele kuyo ukuveza isifundo seqiniso okuhlala kuwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufaka phakathi
umkhakha wakhe wokufundela amakhemikhali, i-biology kanye ne-elekthronikhi, ngaphezu kokuchaza izehlakalo zabo.
IFizikiki ifunda ngezimo zendaba ezisekela imibono yazo kumakhenikha asezingeni eliphakeme lapho ifunda khona ngemithetho elawula ukunyakaza, kuma-electrodynamics asezingeni eliphakeme ekutadisheni izindleko ze-electromagnetic, ku-thermodynamics yokutadisha ukushisa nezinhlobo zamandla., Kuma-quantum mechanics lokho funda imvelo esikalini isikhala esincane kanye nezibalo zokufunda amaza namathuba okuba khona kwezimo zomzimba.
Amagatsha we-classical physics
I-Physics, yokufunda iqiniso, ihlukaniswe ngamagatsha amathathu amakhulu akuvumela ukuthi ufunde izimo zemvelo kusuka esicini esithile seqiniso, yilezi:
- I-physics yakudala
- I-physics yanamuhla kanye
- I-physics yesikhashana.
Yini ebhekwa njenge-classical physics?
I-Classical physics ifaka phakathi izifundo kanye nemibono ngaphambi kokuvela kwemishini ye-quantum. Ibizwa nangokuthi yiNewtonian physics ngenxa ye- thembela emithethweni kaNewton okuphathelene nokunyakaza kwezinto.
Izifundo ze-Classical Physics ezinesivinini esincane kunejubane lokukhanya futhi esikalini sazo esingaphansi kosayizi wama-athomu nama-molecule.
I-Classical physics iqukethe imikhakha elandelayo:
Imishini yakudala:
Isayensi efunda imithetho yokunyakaza kaNewton, ebhekisa ekuziphatheni kwemizimba emincane kakhulu yokuphumula nangesivinini esiphansi maqondana nejubane lokukhanya.
Kokubili ukukhanda kwe-classical kanye ne-classical physics kukonke kusekelwe emithethweni kaNewton, ikakhulukazi kwi ebhekise ekuhambeni kwemizimba endaweni yonke.
I-Thermodynamics:
Yisayensi ebhekele incazelo yezimo zokulingana kwe-thermodynamic ezingeni le-macroscopic. I-Thermodynamics ibhekele ukutadisha ukuxhumana phakathi kokushisa nezinye izinhlobo zamandla. Izinto azisebenzisayo ukuchaza izimo ezahlukahlukene ukushisa, ingcindezi, ivolumu, nenombolo yama-moles.
Kuqondwa ngu ukulingana okushisayo leso simo lapho amazinga okushisa emizimba emibili alinganayo, ngamazinga okushisa ahlukene okuqala nokuthi lapho amazinga okushisa elingana, ukugeleza kokushisa kumisiwe, yomibili imizimba ifinyelela kulesi sibalo esishilo esishiwo ngenhla.
Njengesibonelo sisebenzisa i-thermometer, ithuluzi elinquma ukushisa kwalo. Ngakho-ke ukwazi izinga lokushisa lomunye umzimba noma into, zombili zifakwa ku-thermal equilibrium. Ukwazi ukuthi esilinganisweni esishisayo umzimba nomshini wokushisa ubusezingeni lokushisa elifanayo, izinga lokushisa elikhonjiswe yi-thermometer nalo lizoba ukushisa komzimba ngaphansi kokuqhathanisa.
Ukutadisha ukusabela kwezinhlelo ekuguqulweni kwemvelo yazo kuyasiza ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zesayensi nobunjiniyela ... Nazi ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-thermodynamics:
Kubunjiniyela bezinto zokusebenza bayasebenza ukudluliswa kokushisa namandla ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha. Njengesibonelo sinenqubo yokudubula okushisa okuphezulu kwengcezu ye-ceramic izakhiwo zayo zokugcina ezizoncika ngqo kuzinga lokushisa ebibekwe kulo.
Ezingeni lezimboni sinenqubo yokugcotshwa kokwenza ushizi nebhotela ngokudlulisa ukushisa. Embonini yensimbi, izinhlobo ezahlukene zensimbi zitholakala ngokuxuba izinto ezahlukahlukene kumakhaza ashubisa kakhulu.
Ugesi:
Izimo ezisebenza ngogesi namandla kazibuthe ziyafundwa futhi zihlanganiswe kumqondo owodwa ngokusebenzisa i-electromagnetism. Michael Faraday noJames Clerk MaxwelWayengumbonisi wokuqala wesisekelo salo.
I-Electromagnetism isuselwa kwizibalo ezine ezahlukanisiwe zikaMaxwell, ezihlobanisa izinkambu zikagesi kazibuthe nemithombo yazo yezinto ezibonakalayo.
Umbono we-Electromagnetic ufaka phakathi ugesi wamanje, ukwehlukaniswa ngogesi, nokwehlukaniswa kukazibuthe. I-Macroscopic physical phenomena ebandakanya izindleko zikagesi ekuphumuleni nasekunyakazeni kanye nemiphumela yezinkambu zamagnetic nezikagesi ezintweni eziwuketshezi, eziqinile nezinegesi yizinto ezichazwa nge-electromagnetism.
Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwe-electromagnetism zifakazelwa kwifayela le- ama-motors kagesi nama-generator, okungamadivayisi asetshenziselwa ukuguqula amandla kagesi abe ngamandla kagesi noma okuphambene nalokho.
I-Generator, i-alternator noma i-dynamo igama elinikezwa kudivayisi eliguqula amandla womshini abe amandla kagesi. IMotor iyisetshenziswa esiguqula amandla kagesi abe amandla kagesi.
Njengesibonelo se-electromagnetism sinekhampasi. Ukuhamba kwezinaliti kusekelwe ezimisweni zikazibuthe zezingongolo zomhlaba kanye nakwizimiso zikagesi ngenxa yokuhlangana nokungqubuzana okwenzayo.
Ukukhanya:
Ukukhiqizwa kwemisebe ye-electromagnetic, izakhiwo zayo, nokusebenzisana kwayo nodaba, ikakhulukazi ukulawulwa kwayo nokulawulwa kwayo, yilokho okuyi-optics ebonakalayo enesibopho sokutadisha.
Ukukhanya uhla lwamaza amade kagesi kagesi angabonwa yiso futhi yi-optics ngqo ebhekele ukutadisha kwalo. Iqondiswe ekutholeni nasekusebenziseni izenzeko ezintsha. Ngokusekelwe kuwo, abacwaningi basebenzisa futhi bathuthukise imithombo yokukhanya kuyo yonke i-spectrum ye-electromagnetic.
I-Optics ibe nomthelela ekusebenziseni izinsimbi zomculo, ezokuxhumana kanye ne-metrology.
I-Acoustics:
I-Acoustics igatsha le-physics eliphathelene nokutadisha amaza womshini asakazwa ngodaba kunoma yiziphi izifundazwe zalo (eziqinile, eziwuketshezi noma igesi) ngezinhlobo zomzimba nezibalo.
I-Acoustics ifunda yonke into ephathelene nokukhiqizwa, ukuhanjiswa, ukugcinwa, ukubona noma ukukhiqizwa kabusha komsindo. Ubunjiniyela be-acoustic busebenzisana nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe kwama-acoustics.
Njengezibonelo ze-acoustic physics singasho:
1. Imishini kagesi yokwenza ukuxhumana kuphumelele.
2. Emkhakheni wezokwelapha kube ngempumelelo ekwakheni izithombe
komzimba womuntu nge-ultrasound.
3. Imibhobho
Amandla we-Fluid:
I-Fluid mechanics ingaphansi kwegatsha lama-continuum mechanics elibhekene nokufundwa kokuhamba koketshezi (uketshezi namagesi) namandla okuzibangelayo.
Kwezamakhemikhali, ezobunjiniyela, ezobunjiniyela bezimboni, i-aeronautics, isimo sezulu, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi kanye ne-oceanography, ukungenelela kwemishini eketshezi kubaluleke kakhulu.
I-physics yanamuhla
Leli gatsha, elibizwa nangokuthi i-quantum physics, liqale ngo- ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX. Ngokuphakanyiswa kukasosayensi waseJalimane uMax Planck (1858-1947) lapho echaze khona ukuthi emisebeni emnyama yomzimba kukalwa ngokukhanya. Kususelwa kumcabango we-quantum owavela ngonyaka we-1900 kanye nomqondo wobudlelwano ngo-1905.
U-Albert Einstein, ngo-1905 waqinisa i-quantum theory kwathi ngo-1920 yabizwa ngokuthi yi-quantum mechanics njengegatsha le-physics. Isebenza ngezenzeko ezenzeka ngejubane eliseduze nelokukhanya, noma izikali zazo ezikuhlelwano lwama-athomu nama-molecule.
Funda izici, isimilo kanye imisebe yezinhlayiyana ezingeni le-athomu nele-subatomic. Imishini ye-Quantum kanye neTheory of Relativity yakha lokho namuhla esikubiza ngokuthi yi-physics yanamuhla.
I-Contemporary physics
Ukuqala kwayo kutholakala ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, okusho ukuthi siphila esikhathini se-physics yanamuhla. I-Contemporary physics isebenza ngokutadisha ubunzima bemvelo, izenzakalo esikalini se-nanoscopic, kanye nezinqubo ezingaphandle kwesilinganiso se-thermodynamic. Kungumcabango wesiphithiphithi nesiyaluyalu.