IJografi ayisona nje isihlalo okungenzeka ububalekela; ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwemvelo igama lalo ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "incazelo yomhlaba" futhi yilokho kanye okuyikho, isayensi ebhekele ukutadisha umhlaba, kanye nezindawo, imihlaba, izindawo, izifunda ezakha eziphathelene. yebo namaqembu ahlala kuwo.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu kunokuhlukahluka okungokwesiko komlando kufayela le- ucwaningo lwezindawo ngokwendlela yokufunda, okubandakanya ezine: ukuhlaziywa kwendawo kwezinto zemvelo nezomuntu, izifundo zensimu (ukusuka endaweni kuya esifundeni), ukutadisha ubudlelwano phakathi komuntu nendalo yakhe, nokuphenywa kweSayensi yoMhlaba.
Eminyakeni edlule, hhayi kuphela izindlela zokutadisha eziguqukile kepha futhi nalokho okufundwayo, kufuna izindawo eziningi zolwazi ukuqonda isimilo, imvelaphi nezinye izici zayo yonke into i-geography ebhekele ukuqondwa kunoma yimuphi umkhakha.
Lokhu okungenhla kuholela kulokho okwaziwa namuhla njenge 'Modern Geography', okuyisayensi efanayo noma ingqikithi yalokhu okungenhla, kepha ngenhloso cwaninga futhi uhlaziye uchungechunge lwezehlakalo zemvelo nezabantu, zingazibandakanyi nje kuphela lapho kutholakala khona lezo zinto ezingejwayelekile ezenzeka, kepha futhi ibheka futhi ibheke ukuthi zinjani, izinguquko ezitholile zaba yilokho eziyikho, phakathi kwezinye izindawo ezifanayo.
Lokhu kunjalo, isihloko okwamanje sehlukaniswe ngamagatsha wejografi, ikakhulu aqukethe ukuma kwezwe kanye nokuma kwabantu.
Thola wonke amagatsha akhona wejografi
Kusuka kokwenyama
Kuyinto okukhethekile kwejografi lokho ifunda ngomhlaba ngendlela ehlelekile nenendawo kubhekwe ngokuphelele futhi ikakhulukazi, isikhala semvelo sendawo.
IPhysical Geography igxila ekutadisheni nasekuqondeni amaphethini wezindawo nezinqubo zemvelo, kushiywe eceleni - nangenxa yezizathu zendlela - indawo yamasiko ebusa lokho okwaziwa njengeHuman Geography.
Lokhu okungenhla ngamagama ambalwa futhi kuchaza kafushane ukuthi, yize ubudlelwano phakathi kwale mikhakha emibili yeJografi bukhona, futhi bufanele, lapho kufundwa enye yale mikhakha emibili, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa enye ngandlela thile, inhloso yokuvumela indlela nokuqukethwe kwayo ukuthi ihlaziywe ngokujula okukhulu.
Ngokusho kwesazi sokuma komhlaba u-Arthur Newell Strahler (owayephethe ukucabanga ngegatsha elinjalo) ligxila ezinqubweni eziyimiphumela yokuhamba kwamandla amabili amakhulu; okuwukuhamba kwemisebe yelanga eqondisa ukushisa komhlaba kanye nokunyakaza koketshezi kanti okwesibili, ukugeleza kokushisa okuvela ngaphakathi koMhlaba, okuvela ezintweni zezingqimba ezingaphezulu koqweqwe lomhlaba.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu kugeleza kunethonya futhi lisebenza ebusweni bomhlaba, okungukuthi, kuluphi umkhakha wokutadisha kwabasebenza ngokuma komhlaba.
Yize benomqondo ofanele, ezinye iziphathimandla ezinekhono zinomqondo wazo wokuthi iyini i-geography ebonakalayo. Phakathi kweziyinhloko, izichazamazwi noma imihlahlandlela yokufunda zigqamile:
- Lowo oneRioduero Dictionary of Geography, ekhawulelwe ukufaka kuhlu izihloko ezifakiwe emkhakheni wejografi ebonakalayo, njenge-climatology, i-geomorphology, i-oceanography, ne-hydrography yezwekazi, kufaka phakathi i-glaciology.
- Isichazamazwi se-Elsevier seJografi Igcizelela ukuthi i-geography ebonakalayo isebenzelana nezinto zemvelo yoMhlaba, okungukuthi, i-lithosphere, umkhathi, i-hydrosphere, i-biosphere. Kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwabo, ukusatshalaliswa kwabo ebusweni bomhlaba kanye nezinguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eziyimikhiqizo yezimbangela zemvelo noma umthelela womuntu. Ithi amagatsha wejografi ebonakalayo yi-geomorphology, oceanography, climatology, terrestrial hydrology, glaciology, biogeography, paleogeography, edafogeography, geocriology and the study of the landscape. Ukwenza inothi nalo ukuthi i-oceanography ithuthuke njengesiyalo esizimele, ngokusho kokuqashelwa kwabalobi.
- Ye-FJ Monkhouse's Dictionary Yemigomo Yezwe, I-Physical Geography ibhekisa kwisayensi esekwe kulezo zici zejografi ezihlobene nesimo nokukhululeka kobuso bomhlaba, ukumiswa, ukunwetshwa kanye nohlobo lwezilwandle nolwandle, umkhathi osizungezile nezinqubo ezihambisanayo , ungqimba lomhlabathi nohlaza "lwemvelo" olukumbozayo, okungukuthi, imvelo ebonakalayo yezwe
Mayelana nokuma komuntu
Lokhu kufaka ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto kanjalo futhi kungelinye lamagatsha e-geography ahlukanisiwe futhi elibhekele (umqondo ojwayelekile) funda imiphakathi yabantu kusuka esikhaleni sendawo, kanye nobudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwamaqembu anjalo nendawo yemvelo ahlala kuyo, izindawo zamasiko kanye nezifunda zabantu ezakhiwa lapho zidlula.
Lo mqondo omfishane ufaka phakathi nokuba yisifundo esivumela ukubhaliswa kanye nokubhekwa kwemisebenzi yabantu kusuka emkhathini, imvelo yabantu kanye nesayensi yezindawo zamasiko.
Kubonakala ngokutadisha ngokujulile umehluko osuselwe ekusatshalalisweni kwabantu emhlabeni, izimbangela zokusatshalaliswa okunjalo nemiphumela yakhona yezepolitiki, ezenhlalo, ezomnotho, ezabantu kanye namasiko maqondana nezinsiza ezikhona noma ezingaba khona zemvelo yendawo. ezikalini ezahlukene.
Ukutadisha noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zokuxhumana zaleli gatsha kwaholela ekusungulweni kweziqeshana ezahlukahlukene ezigxila kwezinye zalezi zinqubo. Lolu chungechunge lolwazi oluhlelekile luyahlaziywa noma lucwaningwe kabanzi ngamagatsha:
Okwabantu
Ifunda amaphethini wokusatshalaliswa kwabantu ebusweni bomhlaba nezinqubo, noma ngabe ezesikhashana noma zomlando, zalokho okwenzekile futhi ngenxa yalokho kuqhamuke noma kwaguqulwa.
I-Económica
Elinye lamagatsha wejografi asuselwe kumamodeli wezomnotho nezinqubo, ukunwetshwa kokubili ngesikhathi nasesikhala sasemhlabeni. I-geography yezomnotho isiyalo esifundisisa ukwabiwa kwendawo kwezimo zezomnotho; imiphumela yalokhu emazweni, ezifundeni, kanye nasemiphakathini yabantu. Ilindele ubudlelwano obumnandi kakhulu nezomnotho, kepha ngokubuka kokwabiwa kwendawo kwezimo zezomnotho. Ngokusho komunye wababhali bayo abaphayona, uKrugman, "igatsha lezomnotho" mayelana "nendawo yokukhiqiza esikhaleni."
Isiko
Kuyindlela yokuma kwezwe lomuntu efunda ubudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwabantu nomhlaba, obonwa ngokubheka okungenzeka.
I-Urbana
Leli elinye lamagatsha wejografi afunda ngemihlangano yabantu emelwe ngamadolobha, inani labantu, izici, ukuvela komlando, imisebenzi nokubaluleka okuhlobene.
Amaphandleni
Ifunda ngomhlaba wasemakhaya, izakhiwo nezinhlelo zezolimo, izindawo zasemakhaya, imisebenzi yezomnotho eyenziwa kuzo, njengezolimo, imfuyo kanye nezokuvakasha. Futhi izinhlobo zezikhungo kanye nezinkinga ezibangelwa izindawo zokuhlala kwabantu, ukuguga, izinkinga zezomnotho, izinkinga zemvelo, phakathi kokunye.
Ezombusazwe
Njengoba igama layo likhombisa, inesibopho sokuphenya izikhala zezepolitiki nokuthi isayensi efanayo futhi ehlobene ingabhekisa kanjani kwisayensi yezepolitiki kanye ne-geopolitics, kanye nensimu yezifundo eziningi zamazwe omhlaba.
Ezokwelapha
Leli gatsha ligxila ezifundweni zemiphumela ephethe umthelela wemvelo empilweni yabantu. Iphinde iphenye ukwabiwa kwezifo ezindaweni ezithile, ngaphandle kokushiya ngaphandle uphenyo lwezici zemvelo ezisiza ekusakazekeni kwazo. Lokhu nakho kunesayensi esizayo, okungeyona enye into futhi engaphansi komuthi.
Yokuguga noma i-gerontological
Ihlaziya imithelela yenhlalo-nendawo yokuguga kwabantu ngokuqonda kobudlelwano phakathi kwendawo yezenhlalakahle kanye nabantu abadala, ezikalini ezahlukahlukene, ezincane (izindlu), meso (indawo) kanye ne-macro (idolobha, isifunda, izwe) , phakathi kwabanye.
Ama-subbranches we-geography yemvelo ne-physics
- I-Geomorphology: Leli gatsha licwaninga ngofuzo nokuvela kwezinhlobo zezimo zomhlaba.
- Ukuma komhlaba: leli gatsha lifunda ngemvelaphi, ukuthayipha nokusatshalaliswa kwenhlabathi
- Isimo sezulu: Leli gatsha lihlaziya isimo sezulu, izinhlobo zalo nokusatshalaliswa kwalo, liphinde licwaninge ngezici zazo nokwehluka kwezifunda.
- I-Biogeography: eLeli gatsha lifunda ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo, amasu okusabalalisa izilwane nezitshalo
- I-Hydrography: elinye lamagatsha wejografi elichaza imicimbi noma amaqiniso aphathelene namanzi omhlaba
- Kubantu: Leli gatsha licwaninga ngobuningi, ukwakheka nokusatshalaliswa kwesibalo sabantu maqondana nezici zezwe
- Social: eLeli gatsha lihlaziya izimo zomphakathi zamaqembu abantu nobudlelwano bawo ngaphakathi kwenhlalo yomphakathi
Amanye amagatsha e-geography abaluleke kangako
Ijografi yezibalo
Njengazo zonke, lena futhi igxila ebusweni bomhlaba, kepha ngokuya ngesici sayo sezibalo. Futhi ibuye icwaninge ngobudlelwano enabo nenyanga nelanga, ukuthi noma ngabe bobabili bangabonakala bodwa kangakanani, kungenziwa icebo enkabazwe yomhlaba, ezindaweni ezishisayo, emigqeni esezindaweni ezibandayo, ekuxhumaneni kwendawo futhi kukalwe ubukhulu Umhlaba ngophenyo lwezimo zomhlaba ezikhiqizwayo, umkhiqizo wokusebenzisana kwalaba ababili.
Iqiniso elincomayo ukuthi ngelinye lamagatsha aqale ngasikhathi sinye lapho i-geography yanqunywa kanjalo nokuvela kokuthuthuka kwayo okubandakanya iTopography, iCartography, i-Astronomical Geography, iGeostatistics neGeomatics.
Esinye isici esivelele ukuthi lapho kwenziwa izifundo ezethulwayo zejografi, noma lapho kufakwa indawo yoMhlaba endaweni yonke nasesimisweni sonozungezilanga, ukunyakaza komhlaba, ithonya lelanga nenyanga ebusweni (akunakugwenywa futhi kubalulekile indawo yokuqala emagatsheni e-geography njenge-Climatology ne-Hydrology) kanye nencazelo kanye nokuqondwa kwezinhlelo zendawo, njengesisekelo sanoma iluphi ucwaningo lwendawo, okuqukethwe, izindlela kanye nolwazi olusetshenziswayo.
Leli gatsha selivele lavela kakhulu kangangokuba namuhla kunethuba lokuthi ugxile kuphela kusayensi enjalo.
Ukuma kwezwe
Lokhu kuphethe noma kuhlose ukuchaza ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kwezitshalo nezilwane; ngifuna ukuxhumana okukhona phakathi kwalezi nemvelo ebonakalayo lapho zihlala khona. Kusegatsheni leli ukuphenya, ngokwesibonelo, izizathu zokuthi kungani ama-conifers evelele kakhulu ku-taiga, ama-xerophytes ogwadule noma uhlaza olumnandi ehlathini.
Ihlukaniswe nePhytogeography, ehlola ukusatshalaliswa kwezitshalo emhlabeni, neZoogeography, efunda ukwabiwa kwezilwane emhlabeni. Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuthi i-botany, i-zoology kanye ne-ecology kuvela kule sayensi.
Ukuma kwezombusazwe
Le yingxenye efunda ukusatshalaliswa kanye nenhlangano yezepolitiki ebusweni bomhlaba, okungukuthi, ibhekene nokuthi indawo isatshalaliswa kanjani ngokwesikhala umuntu ahlala kuso.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi elinye lamagatsha wejografi libanzi impela, ngoba inhloso yalo enkulu yokuhlaziya yizikhungo zezepolitiki ezicwaningwayo izikhungo zezepolitiki futhi nalokhu akubhekiseli kuphela enkampanini noma kusakhiwo esithile, kepha futhi zingasukela iqembu elincane labantu abaqeqeshwe kahle futhi abanobukhosi emkhakheni omkhulu wezomnotho noma wezepolitiki wamazwe omhlaba futhi onqunyelwe njengoba kungamazwe kuphela.
Ukucatshangwa kwale sayensi kunzima kakhulu, kepha-ke, ukuma kwezombusazwe kunentshisekelo kuzo zonke izici ezihlobene nesayensi yayo, njengenqubo yezepolitiki, izinhlelo zikahulumeni, umthelela wezenzo zepolitiki, phakathi kokunye.
Enye into enentshisekelo noma efundwayo yejografi yezepolitiki isikhala sendawo, okusho ukuthi, abantu, izizwe, izindawo, izindawo, nabanye. Njengoba isebenza ngento ehlukanisa nesayensi yezepolitiki ngoba ngendlela efanayo indawo lapho izinhlangano zepolitiki zithuthukiswa khona kuyisihloko sokuhlaziywa.