I-Magnetization noma ebizwa nangokuthi i-magnetization noma i-magnetization, iba inqubo lapho izikhathi ze-magnetic dipole zento nezimpawu ezinqunyelwe yona, qondanisa. Kuyinqubo eyenziwayo yokwakha izakhiwo kazibuthe kuzinsimbi noma ngebha yensimbi, kumane nje kungukudlulisela izakhiwo zikazibuthe entweni ezibamukelayo, ukuhlinzeka ngezici kazibuthe kulokho okushiwo noma into ethile, bese kuyidonsela kokunye izinto sengathi zingumazibuthe
Kodwa uyini uzibuthe?
Uzibuthe wumaminerali owenzeka ngokuhlanganisa i-oksijini ne-radical elula noma eyingxube esilinganisweni sokuqala se-oxidation kanye ne-iron sesquioxide onompahla oyisisekelo ukuheha izinsimbi ezinjenge-iron, i-nickel, i-cobalt, ngoba insimu kazibuthe idalwe ngayo.
Okokusebenza noma uzibuthe kunamapali kazibuthe amabili ahlukene noma aphikisanayo, lawa sizowabiza enyakatho naseningizimu, ukuwabiza ngendlela ehlanganayo noma ethandwayo nanjengomphumela wokuma kwawo ngasekupheleni komhlaba weplanethi.
Kungani izinto zikhangwa?
Lapho izingongolo zikazibuthe zisondela, kuba nohlobo lokuzonda okuzenzekelayo, ngoba ukukhanga kwenziwa phakathi kwezigxobo eziphambene. Lezi zinto, eziguqulwa zibe odonsa, zivamise ukwakheka njengebha nezinti emaphethelweni noma zingaba nesimo sehhashi lakudala.
Lesi simo sikazibuthe singathatha izinhlobo eziningi, kungaba amandla kagesi ku-conductor noma izinhlayiya ezihamba esikhaleni, noma ukuhamba kwe-electron ku-orbital athomu. Imizimba yakhiwe yizinhlayiya ezintathu: ama-proton, ama-electron, nama-neutron. Ama-electron angumazibuthe wemvelo futhi kunjalo, ukuthi emizimbeni lezi zinto zihlakazeka kukho konke ukunwetshwa kwazo futhi zingaveza ukusebenza kwazo nomphumela wazo ngendlela yemvelo.
Ngabe yonke impahla inale ndawo?
Ngokuya kocwaningo olwenziwe, iningi lezinto esisebenzisana nazo kufanele ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane amathuba okuheha noma okuheha kazibuthe, impela ngaphakathi kwalolu hlu lwezinto eziningi, izinsimbi zinesabelo esikhulu futhi esisebenzayo kunesibonelo , lowo onepulasitiki.
Kunezinto ezifana ne-iron, i-cobalt, i-nickel ezimake kakhulu amandla kazibuthe, uma sizisondeza kuzibuthe, sizokubona lokho ngokushesha ingxenye yensimbi izoyijoyina, leso yisiboniso esilula kunazo zonke esingasazi. Zonke izinto zinezici zamagnetic ngezinga elithile. Ngokubeka udaba emkhakheni ongafani nawo, uyakhangwa noma uphendulwe lapho kubhekwa khona umugqa waleyo nkambu. Le mpahla ibonakala ngokuthambeka kukazibuthe wendaba ngokuya ngezinga le-magnetization elikhona.
Lokhu kukhiqizwa kukazibuthe kuzoncika kubukhulu besikhathi se-dipole sama-athomu entweni nasezingeni lapho izikhathi ze-dipole ziqondaniswe khona. Lapha singabala i-iron, enezimpawu zomazibuthe ezimakwe kakhulu, ngenxa yokuqondaniswa kwezikhathi zamagnetic zama-athomu ayo ngaphakathi izifunda ezithile ezibizwa ngokuthi "Izizinda".
Kukhona ingxubevange yeBoron, i-iron neodymium, (NdFeB), enezizinda ezihambisanayo futhi ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza ozibuthe abasebenza unomphela. Amandla kazibuthe aqinile akhiqizwa uzibuthe ovamile ojule ngamamilimitha amathathu enziwe ngale nto afaniswa ne-elektromagnet elenziwe nge-loop yethusi ephethe umsinga wama-ampere ayizinkulungwane eziningana. Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-current in a standard light bulb is 0,5 amps.
Isikhathi Magnetic
I-magnetization M yomzimba idalwa ukujikeleza imisinga kagesi noma izikhathi zamagnetic eziyisisekelo, futhi ichazwa njengomzuzu kazibuthe weyunithi ngayinye ivolumu yemisinga enjalo noma izikhathi. Kuhlelo lwama-mks (SI) amayunithi, M alinganiswa kuma-webers ngemitha eyisikwele.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyadingeka ukwazi umphumela amandla kazibuthe anawo kuzakhi zomzimba zezinto, phakathi kwazo esingazisho: ukumelana nogesi, ukushisa okuthile kanye nokuqina okunwebeka.
Inkambu kazibuthe
Okukhombisa ukuthi kunamandla kazibuthe amandla asetshenziswa kulawo macala ahambayo, la mandla aphambukisa izinhlayiya ngaphandle kokushintsha ijubane lawo.
Lokhu kungabonwa, isibonelo, ku-torque yenaliti yekhampasi esebenza ukuvumelanisa inaliti nensimu yomhlaba kazibuthe, inaliti ithi ucezu oluncane lwensimbi olwenziwe uzibuthe. Ukweqisa okukodwa kuvame ukubizwa isigxobo esisenyakatho nesinye isigxobo esisezingeni esingezansi eningizimu, ngakho-ke amandla aphakathi kwezigxobo zombili ayathandeka, kanti amandla aphakathi kwezigxobo ezifanayo ayenyanyeka.
Izici ze-camandla kazibuthe
Le nsimu kazibuthe ingabizwa ngokuthi yi-Magnetic Flux Density noma i-Magnetic Induction, futhi iyohlala ifanekiselwa uhlamvu B. Impahla eyisisekelo yensimu kazibuthe ukuthi ukuphuma kwayo kunoma iyiphi indawo evaliwe kuyanyamalala. (Indawo evaliwe yileyo ezungeze ngokuphelele ivolumu.) Lokhu kuvezwa ngezibalo yi-div B = 0 futhi kungaqondakala ngokomzimba ngokwemigqa yenkambu emele uB.
Izinkambu zamagnetic zilinganiswa ngamayunithi we-tesla (T). (Enye iyunithi yesilinganiso esetshenziswa kakhulu ye-B yi-gauss, yize ingasabhekwa njengeyunithi ejwayelekile. I-gauss eyodwa ilingana no-10-4 teslas).
Ngalo mqondo, insimu kazibuthe kuhluke kakhulu kunkambu kagesi. Imigqa yenkambu kagesi ingaqala futhi iphele ngokukhokhiswa.
Umthombo ovame kakhulu wamandla kazibuthe yisifunda samanje esisebenza ngogesi. Kungaba amandla kagesi kumqhubi oyindilinga noma ukunyakaza kwe-electron ejikelezayo ku-athomu. Okuhlotshaniswa nazo zombili lezi zinhlobo zamaluphu wamanje kuyisikhathi se-magnetic dipole, inani laso i-i, umkhiqizo we-i wamanje nendawo ye-loop A.
Futhi, ama-electron, ama-proton, nama-neutron kuma-athomu anakho i-dipole kazibuthe ehambisanayo nge-twist yayo yangaphakathi; Izikhathi ezinjalo zamagnetic dipole zimelela omunye umthombo obalulekile wamandla kazibuthe.
Inhlayiya enomzuzu kazibuthe we-dipole ivame ukubizwa nge-magnetic dipole. (I-dipole kazibuthe ingacatshangwa njengezibuthe ezincane zebha. Inamandla kazibuthe afanayo nalawo maginethi futhi iziphatha ngendlela efanayo emasimini kazibuthe wangaphandle.)
Lapho ibekwe kunkambu kazibuthe wangaphandle, i-dipole kazibuthe ingaxhunywa kutorque evame ukuyiqondanisa nenkambu; uma inkambu yangaphandle ingafani, idipole nayo ingabanjwa ngamandla.
Izindlela Magnetization
Oxhumana naye ngqo:
Yisetshenziswa esisetshenziswa kakhulu, umane uhlikihle uhlangothi olulodwa lwento, kungaba yinsimbi noma insimbi ngesinye sezigxobo zikazibuthe, ngenkathi uhlikihla olunye uhlangothi ngesinye isigxobo. Yize kuliqiniso ukuthi lokhu kukhonjiswa kalula, kufanele futhi sazi ukuthi okuhlukile Izinto ezimagnetic zidinga amandla ahlukahlukene okwenza uzibuthe, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwazi inani lamandla adingekayo ukugcwalisa ngokugcwele odonsa phakathi nale nqubo.
Lokungeniswa:
Izinsimbi ezincane kakhulu noma imigoqo yensimbi zisondela kumazibuthe onamandla, bese kuthi ikhebula lilinywe engxenyeni yensimbi, esikubiza ngokuthi "ikhoyili", le nqubo izokhiqiza into eyaziwa ngokuthi i-electromagnet, ukuheha izinhlayiya ezincane kuzibuthe. Kuyadingeka ukucacisa ukuthi into ekhangayo yenzeka kuphela ngenkathi kuhamba ugesi.
Le migqa ihlala ivala ngokwayo, ngakho-ke uma ingena kuvolumu ethile ngesikhathi esithile, nayo kufanele ishiye leyo ivolumu. Ngalo mqondo, amandla kazibuthe ahluke kakhulu kunkambu kagesi. Imigqa yenkambu kagesi ingaqala futhi iphele ngokukhokhiswa.