Izidalwa eziphilayo zidinga ukuzihlinzeka ngamandla okwenza zonke izinqubo zazo eziyisisekelo, ukukhula, ukuphefumula, ukuzala kabusha, njll. La mandla atholakala ngezakhamzimba, kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ezithatha amandla adingekayo ngendlela efanayo, ziwathola ngezindlela ezehlukene, kuya ngokuthi ngabe zingabakhiqizi, abathengi noma ababola. Ngale ndlela, kutholakala lonke uchungechunge lobudlelwano bokudla okwaziwa njengobudlelwano be-trophic noma amazinga we-trophic. Ngale ndlela, ukugeleza kwezakhi zomzimba kukhiqizwa okuqinisekisa ukunikezwa nokusakazwa kwezinto ezidingekayo ukusekela impilo emhlabeni.
Lapho konke lokhu kwehluka sekuzwisisiwe, ake siqhubeke sichaze ukuthi yimaphi amazinga e-trophic. Amaleveli e-trophic awalutho ngaphezu kweseli ngalinye lezinto eziphilayo, ahlukaniswe ngokwendlela athola ngayo izakhamzimba zawo. Amaleveli e-trophic ke, ubudlelwane bokudla obusungulwa phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo futhi obuvumela ukuhlela nokuhlukanisa iqembu ngalinye labantu, ngokwendlela abathola ngayo izakhamzimba zabo.
Ukunqunywa kwamazinga we-trophic
Abantu bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezakha umphakathi, kuya ngohlobo lokudla abakudingayo, bahlelwe ngale ndlela elandelayo:
Izinga lokuqala (Abakhiqizi)
Kuleli zinga sithola labo bantu abakwaziyo ukuzenzela ukudla, okungukuthi, izinto ezikhiqizayo noma ezizenzakalelayo. Lezi zidalwa ziyakwazi ngqo thatha amandla avela kumthombo oyinhloko, ilanga. Izinto eziphilayo ze-Autotrophic zinokukhethekile kokusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ukutholakala kwe-carbon dioxide, amanzi, amanye amaminerali nokukhanya kwelanga ukuhlanganisa izinhlanganisela zazo zemvelo: ama-carbohydrate, ngokusebenzisa i-photosynthesis. Izimila, ulwelwe, nezilwanyana ezincane ze-photosynthetic zikuleli qembu. Ukudla abakukhiqizayo kungasetshenziswa, ngqo noma ngokungaqondile, ngezinye izinto eziphila emvelweni. Ukukhiqiza izinto eziphilayo kwakha i- Izinga le-trophic aphansi, ayisisekelo lapho amazinga aphezulu asekelwe khona. Babodwa abathi, nge-photosynthesis, Bayakwazi ukuthwebula amandla elanga futhi bawenze amandla wamakhemikhali.
Izinga lesibili (Abathengi)
Kuleli zinga sithola abathengi bokuqala. Leli qembu lakhiwe yibo bonke abantu abathola izakhamzimba zabo kubakhiqizi, okusho ukuthi, badla izingxenye zemifino enjengalezi: amaqabunga, izimbali kanye nezithelo. Izinto ezidliwayo ziyi-heterotrophic, zakha izinto zazo eziphilayo ezivela ezintweni eziphilayo ezivela kwezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, yingakho zibizwa ngokuthi abathengi. Nabo futhi abakhiqizi (bazenzela izinto zabo eziphilayo), kepha akunjalo abakhiqizi bokuqala. Ngokulandelayo, abathengi futhi bangaba ngumthombo wezinto eziphilayo zabanye abathengi abazondlayo.
Izinga lesithathu (abathengi besibili)
Leli qembu lakhiwe abathengi besibili abadla ngqo kusuka ku- abathengi bokuqala. Babizwa nangokuthi abadla inyama. Abathengi besibili nabo bayahluka ngohlobo lokudla abakudlayo.
- Amabhubesi namahlosi azingela amadube, izimpala, izinyamazane nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ukuze athole ukudla.
- Izinyoka, ngokuvamile, zondla ngamagundane amancane, ama-amphibian, namaqanda ezinyoni.
- Izinyoni, ezifana noKlebe, isikhova nokhozi, zidla izinyoka kanye nezibankwa. Ngenkathi izinyoni eziningi ezincane zidla izibungu zovemvane nezibungu zomhlaba.
- Izicabucabu zibamba izinambuzane ezincane, njengezimpukane namabhu.
- Olwandle ezinye izilwane, njengoshaka nemikhomo, zidla izinhlanzi ezincane.
Izinga lesine
Abathengi abasezingeni eliphakeme noma ngaphezulu. Bondla abathengi besibili. Ziyizilwane ezinkulu ezidla abathengi bokuqala (imifinokanye nokwesibili (imidlwane). Bayabizwa futhi izidlakela.
Izinga lokudlula (ama-decomposers)
Izinto ezibolayo, njengoba igama lazo lisho, zenza isenzo sazo kudoti, izinsalela zezitshalo ezifile, izidumbu zezilwane, njll., Futhi ngaleyo ndlela zithole amandla eziwadingayo ukuze ziphile. Kuleli zinga, sithola isikhunta namagciwane abola izinto eziphilayo zabantu abafile zibe izinto zamaminerali. Iningi lesikhunta esincanyana lingama-saprophyte; phakathi kwabo sinendlebe yenduku, ukhunta wesigqoko omncane, isikhunta sesinkwa kanye namakhowe. Njengomphumela wokubola, kukhishwa isikhutha emkhathini kanye namaminerali afana ne-calcium, i-potassium, i-phosphorus ne-nitrogen, njll. Akhishwa emhlabathini, emanzini. zazakha umzimba, izicubu, imfucumfucu, njll. Ngale ndlela, umjikelezo wezakhamzimba kanye ne-carbon dioxide usuphothuliwe, futhi zonke izakhi zikhululekile ukudlulela emuva kubakhiqizi futhi ziqhubeke kanjena, umjikelezo emva komjikelezo. I-oksijeni ingenye into edingekayo ezintweni eziphilayo, ikhishwa ngabakhiqizi ku-photosynthesis futhi ibanjwe yibo ngokwabo, ngabathengi kanye ne-decomposers, ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula. Okubolayo kuyisixhumanisi esibalulekile sokuqhubeka kwemijikelezo ye-biogeochemical, ngoba uma ingaboli into ephilayo, ibizobambeka, lapho ibingaphinde ifakwe yizinto eziphilayo. Ngale ndlela, kancane kancane izakhamzimba zazizonyamalala, futhi ngazo kukhiqizwe: futhi nazo izinto ezidlayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezilwane, njengenqe, i-zamuro, impisi, njll., Okuthi noma zidla izinto eziphilayo, zisebenzisane nezincibilikisi ukuqeda izinsalela zezilwane ngoba lezi zilwane zidla kuphela inyama yezilwane ezifile . Lokhu kungenye indlela, lapho izakhamzimba zijikeleza khona ngamazinga e-trophic ezindaweni zemvelo.
Ukugeleza kwamandla
Akuzona zonke izinto eziphilayo ezinekhono lokuthwebula amandla elanga futhi liguqule amandla wamakhemikhali asuka ekudleni, ukuze izidalwa eziphilayo zifeze imisebenzi yazo ebalulekile. Abakhiqizi yibo kuphela abakwaziyo ukwenza amandla elanga atholakale kuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zomphakathi ophilayo. Kusuka kubo amandla ageleza ngokuya ngakunye eya kubathengi nakuma-decomposers akha uchungechunge lokudla. Ukuhamba kwamandla kwamandla kubhekisa ekudluleni kwamandla wamakhemikhali aqukethwe ekudleni, kusuka ezingeni eliphansi le-trophic, lapho abakhiqizi bakhona, kuya emazingeni aphezulu we-trophic ahlala kubathengi.
Amandla awasetshenziswanga kabusha
Inani lamandla adluliselwe phakathi kwamazinga e-trophic aya kwelinye limelela cishe u-10% wamandla atholakalayo, okudala ukulinganiselwa okukhulu ngokwenani nosayizi wezinto eziphilayo ezingaba yingxenye yochungechunge lwe-trophic u-90% wamandla asele angadluliswanga , ilahleka njengokushisa futhi ayinakusetshenziswa futhi. Lokhu kubangela amandla, ngokungafani nodaba, ukungatholakali. Ngakho-ke, ukufakwa kwamandla njalo emphakathini wezinto eziphilayo kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kobukhona bawo. Njengoba lo msebenzi usetshenziswa ngabakhiqizi abawuthatha kwiLanga, lezi zinto eziphilayo zaziwa njengezinsika zomphakathi kanye nohlelo lwemvelo.
Indaba iphinde isetshenziswe kabusha
Udaba olusetshenziswa izidalwa eziphilayo luvela emhlabathini, emoyeni nasemanzini. Kubo bonke ubudlelwano be-trophic, ngaphezu kwamandla, udaba ludluliswa lusuka kwelinye izinga luye kwelinye. Kepha kunendaba uma kuqhathaniswa namandla uma isetshenziswa kabusha. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yezinqubo ze-photosynthesis nokuphefumula okusebenzisa kabusha umoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen nekhabhoni emoyeni nasemanzini kanye nokuba khona kwezinto ezibola kabusha ezifaka ezinye izinto zamaminerali emhlabathini futhi zivumele ukuthi zisetshenziswe futhi ngabakhiqizi, ngaleyo ndlela kuvalwe umjikelezo wendaba.