Imvelaphi yokuphila eplanethi yethu iyimfihlakalo yokuthi kuze kube manje ayidalulwanga ngokuqiniseka futhi sekungamashumi eminyaka igcwalisa abantu ngokungaqiniseki. ososayensi abavela ezindaweni eziningi; Ngokuqinisekile yonke imibono ikhomba eminyakeni engengaphansi kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-3.5 ezinhlotsheni zokuqala zokuphila, yabelana ngombono wokuthi lokhu kubonakaliswa kokuqala kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni kukhombisa indlela eyisisekelo yentuthuko nokuxhumana.
Izici ezahlukahlukene zenze izakhamizi zokuqala zomhlaba wethu ukuba ziphumelele futhi ziphumelele, okuphakathi kwazo izinhlobo ezivelele kakhulu zokuzala, zivame kakhulu namuhla kuma-microorganism kepha zihluke kakhulu kwezama-vertebrate nezinhlobo ezinkulu.
Le ndlela ehlukile yokuzala kabusha i- ukuhlukaniswa kabili noma ukuhlukaniswa kanambambili, lapho ukuxhumana kwabantu ababili bobulili obuhlukile kungadingeki ukuthi babelane ngama-chromosomes, kepha umuntu ofanayo we-unicellular unamandla okuzihlanganisa. Ngokulandelayo sizokhombisa yonke imininingwane ye-bipartition, indlela yokukhiqiza eqinisekisa ukuba khona kwamanje kokuphila.
Ukwahlukanisa amaseli
Isisekelo esiyisisekelo esilawula ukuzala ngokusebenzisa izingxenye ezimbili ukuthi sonke iseli lingahlukana lakha elisha, ngaleyo ndlela linikeze indlela yokuvuselelwa kwezicubu ezibalulekile ekusindeni nasekuchumeni kohlobo.
Kokubili kufayela le- ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngokocansi njenge-asexual inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli ibalulekile futhi iyadingeka kakhulu ngoba uma ingenzekanga ngeke kube khona ndlela yokwakha umuntu omusha; Okuguquguqukayo kakhulu yizikhathi nezimo lapho ukwahlukana kweseli kwenzeka khona, kusuka emizuzwini eyishumi kuya emavikini kungathatha iseli ukuhlukanisa ngokohlobo nezimo zalo. I-bipartition ukuhlukaniswa kweseli okuqonde kakhulu ngoba amaseli amabili ama-stem afana ncamashi noma okungenani anephesenti eliphezulu lobunye.
Yiziphi izinto eziphilayo ezisebenzisa i-bipartition?
Le ndlela yokuzala isetshenziswa kuphela yizinto ezingamangqamuzana ezinobukhulu obuncane, okuthi, njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, bahlala kwiplanethi yethu kusukela ekuqaleni kokuphila; phakathi kwalezi zidalwa eziphilayo kukhona:
Amagciwane
Ziyindlela yokuphila ephethwe yiseli elilodwa eligcwalisa imisebenzi yokuphila eyisisekelo njengokuzalwa, ukukhula, ukondla, ukuzala kabusha nokufa; Lawa maseli awuhlobo lwe-prokaryotic, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwe- i-nucleus echaziwe noma izitho zomzimba. Usayizi wayo mncane futhi ungahluka phakathi kuka-0.5 no-5 microns ngamaphiko; amabhaktheriya abaluleke kakhulu ezinkambisweni ezahlukahlukene zokubola kanye nasemijikelezweni yemethamo yamakhemikhali afana ne-methane.
I-archaea
ama-microorganisms okuthi kuze kube muva nje kucatshangwe ukuthi luhlobo lwama-bacteria ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo nokwakheka kwawo, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwachazwa ukuthi ayengaphansi kwesizinda esihluke ngokuphelele ngoba umgomo wawo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye ne-morphology yebhayoloji yehlukile.
Imvubelo yefission
Ziyisikhunta esenziwe ngenduku esinezakhiwo ze-eukaryotic kumaseli abo. Yiso kuphela isikhunta semvubelo esizala ngokwehlukana.
Iprotozoon
Ziyizinto eziphilayo ezineseli elilodwa ezikhula kahle ku imvelo yamanzi noma enomswakama, yizilwane ezidla ezinye noma ama-autotrophs; Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi abagcini ngokuzala ngokweqile, kepha kwesinye isikhathi babelana ngezinto zofuzo ngohlobo lokukhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi.
Izinhlobo zokuhlukaniswa kabili
Oblique
Kwenzeka ngqo lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kuqala njenge-longitudinal bese kudlulela esigabeni esiphakathi kwe-longitudinal ne-transversal, le modality ingenzeka kuma-opalinids, ama-microorganism bayazuza ngokuhlala ku amathumbu amanye ama-amphibians nama-mollusks, ngamaseli akhethekile kakhulu anama-nuclei amaningi. Ama-opalinids anemigqa etshekile ye-cilia, ezuzisa lolu hlobo lwezinhlangothi ezimbili.
Isiphambano
Zenzeka kwamanye ama-protozoa amise okweqanda okweqanda, angaphansi kwesayizi yemicron, futhi okwazi ukondla amabhaktheriya kanye nolwelwe. Ukukhiqizwa kobulili obufanayo kwenzeka lapho i-cytoplasm ihlukanisa ngokungafani ne-axis ye-spindle.
Longitudinal
Kwenzeka lapho iseli lihlukana ngokujula kunokuba liguquke. Isibonelo esicacile salesi sigaba ngama-flagellates, anezakhiwo kubizwa i-flagella ngaphakathi komzimba wakho, isici samaseli eukaryotic.
Ngokuvamile
Kukwahlukaniswa okulinganayo kweseli, okuqinisekisa ukwakhiwa kwamaseli amabili alinganayo nezimpawu ezifanayo, eduze nokunemba.
Ezinye izinhlobo zokukhiqiza kabusha kwe-asexual
Akukona nje kuphela ukuthi ukubhidlika kwezinto kuyindlela esebenzayo yokwakha isidalwa esisha kusuka endaweni yokubuka i-asexual, kunezinhlobo eziningi zokukhiqiza kabusha ngezakhi zofuzo ngumnikazi womuntuEmigqeni elandelayo sizobona abanye abancintisana ne-fission kanambambili.
I-Parthenogenesis
Kuyinqubo lapho iqanda noma iseli lokuzala labesifazane lingadingi ukukhulelwa ngokusobala ukuqala isigaba sokuthuthuka nokwehlukaniswa kwamaseli okuzonikeza impilo kwesinye isidalwa. Lokhu kuzala kudalwa yizinto ezithile ezifana nemijikelezo yehomoni, izinkathi ezimile nezimo zezulu futhi kubonakala ezinhlotsheni ezinjengezinambuzane, ezinye izibankwa, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, nasezinyonini ezithile; Kulo mjikelezo, ukungabikho ngokuphelele kwama-chromosomes wesilisa kungabonwa, kungenelele ekukhuleni kofuzo
UPolyembryony
Kwenzeka ikakhulukazi lapho kukwi-zygote noma iseli elibangelwa ukukhiqizwa kabusha kocansi, umbungu ongaphezu koyedwa wenziwa ngenxa yokuthi umbungu wokuqala uqhekeziwe waba miningi, okuqinisekisa impumelelo yezinhlobo ngokungenelela okuncane kwabesilisa. Lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza lubhekwa njengocansi olungaqondile futhi lubonakala ezinambuzaneni nasezilwaneni ezincelisayo kubandakanya nabantu.
Ukuhlukumeza
Isebenzisa izinto ezibizwa ngama-spores njengendlela yokuzala kabusha, eyenzelwe ngendlela yokuthi ihlakazeke futhi ikhiqize kabusha emvelweni, kuzoncika izimo zezulu nesimo somswakama ezilungile ukuthi lezi zinhlamvu zinamandla okwakha umuntu omusha.
Kwezinye izitshalo, isikhunta, ulwelwe kanye namagciwane lolu hlobo lokuzala lubonakala kaningi, kepha ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni inqubo iba mnandi kakhulu ngoba ingashintshana ngaphandle kobunzima phakathi kwempova nokuhluma.
Uqhekeko
Kuyindlela yokuzala kabusha lapho abantu abanamaseli amaningi bezihlukanisa babe izingxenye eziningana ezakha isidalwa esisha, ngasinye sezicucu ezivelayo sinamandla okuqedela intuthuko eholela ekuguqulweni komzimba othize. Izikelemu zomhlaba, i-starfish kanye nama-planarians yizibonelo ezicacile zale ndlela yokuzala.