Ngabe ukuqhamuka kuqukethe ini futhi ukukhiqizwa kocansi kuqhubeka kanjani?

Enqubeni yokuzala yokuzalwa kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuzala: ezocansi noma ezokukhiqiza kanye ne-asexual noma imifino.

Isidalwa esiphilayo noma umzimba uphawuleka ngokwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eyisisekelo yokuphila, kufaka phakathi ukuzala, okukuvumela ukuthi ikhiqize amakhophi ayo afanayo, womabili asexually avela kumzali oyedwa, njengezocansi okungenani kubazali ababili.

Kuyini ukuqhamuka? 

Ukufufusa kungenye yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokukhiqiza kabusha kwe-asexual, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwe okusha kunikezwa ngokuqeqeshwa wokuvelela, okuthiwa amahlumela, emzimbeni wesidalwa sabazali, esikhula futhi sikhule, sikwazi ukuhlala sinamathele kumzali noma sehlukane naso.

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngokobulili

Lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza lubonakala ngokubandakanya umzali ongayedwa. Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwenzeka ngeMitosis, lapho i- ukwahlukana kwamaseli kwenzeka futhi ikhiqiza amaseli amabili noma ngaphezulu afana ngokufana.

Luhlobo lokukhiqiza lapho kungekho ukukhulelwa khona, ngakho-ke akukho ukushintshaniswa kwe-DNA. Isidalwa esisha esiphilayo sigcina izici zomuntu owasungula lokho.

Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezinokukhiqizwa kabusha kwazo kungaba ngokocansi noma nge-asexually ngamahlumela, izimpande ezingaphansi komhlaba noma iziqu ezinwabuzelayo.

Ezinye izinto ezifana ne-starfish zingabuye zivuseleleke ngemuva kokulahleka kwengxenye ethile yomzimba wazo futhi ezinye eziningi zinganda ngamanani amakhulu ngokuhlukanisa kaningi ngokweqile.

Ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi

Ukukhiqizwa ngokocansi kubonakala ngokubandakanyeka kwamaseli amabili aqalwe yi-Meiosis ahlangana ngokukhulelwa. Abazali ababili kufanele babambe iqhaza obani bathumele i-DNA yabo inzalo futhi ngenxa yalokho kunomehluko wofuzo phakathi kwabo.

Kwenzeka kanjani uBudding?

Ukukhiqizwa kobulili obubodwa ukuzala okwenzeka ngaphandle kokuxhumana phakathi kwamalungu amabili ohlobo olufanayo. Amaseli ahlukanisa kusetshenziswa i-mitosis, lapho kukopishwa khona i-chromosome ngayinye ngaphambi kokuhlukanisa i-nucleus, kuthi iseli ngalinye elisha lithole imininingwane efanayo yofuzo. Esimweni sezidalwa ezineseli elilodwa, kwakhiwa i-bulge ingxenye ethile yolwelwesi lwe-plasma. I-nucleus yeseli likakhokho iyahlukana bese enye ye-nuclei yendodakazi idlulela ku-isikhuphasha. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle, isikhuphasha singakhiqiza esinye isikhuphasha ngasikhathi sinye ngaphambi kokuba ekugcineni sehlukane neseli likakhokho.

Ezingeni le-unicellular, kuyinqubo ye-mitym asymmetric eyenzeka kwezinye izidalwa ezingama-unicellular, njengemvubelo. Umzimba onobungqingili wenziwa yingqamuzana elilodwa. Izibonelo zezinto eziphilayo ezineseli elilodwa amabhaktheriya no-algae kanye nesikhunta esithile, i-protozoa. Noma kumangaza, izidalwa ezingama-unicellular zimele iningi kakhulu wezinto eziphilayo okwamanje ezigcwala uMhlaba

Imvubelo noma ukuvutshelwa kubizwa nganoma yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-eukaryotic, ezihlukaniswa njengezikhunta, kungaba ama-ascomycetes noma ama-basidiomycetes amancane, anesimo esivelele se-unicellular kumjikelezo wabo wempilo, ngokuvamile obonakala ngokuhlukaniswa ngokweqile ngokuqhakaza noma ngokufinywa kanambambili nangokuba nezimo zocansi ezingezona okunamathiselwe ku-sporocarp (umzimba othela izithelo) .1?

IMitosis ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli uqobo, futhi kukhiqize amaseli amabili endodakazi afana ngokufanayo. Kungenzeka kumaseli womabili ama-haploid nama-diploid eukaryotic.

Inqubo yokukhiqiza kabusha yeseli equkethe, ngokuyisisekelo, ekuhlukaneni ubude bama-chromosomes nasesigabeni se-nucleus ne-cytoplasm; ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa amangqamuzana amabili amadodakazi ngenani elifanayo lama-chromosomes nolwazi olufanayo lofuzo njenge-stem cell.

I-Budding equkethe indlela lapho kunohlukaniswa khona i-nucleus nokuhlukaniswa kwe-cytoplasm, kepha i-nucleus evelayo iya ngaselangeni, yakha uhlobo lwehlumela oluzungezwe yi-cytoplasm, ngaleyo ndlela lwakha amaseli amabili osayizi ohlukile.

Inqubo yokuqhamuka ivame ukwenzeka ePorifera, cnidarians, bryozoans. 1? Izinhlobo ezithile zezilwane zingaba nokuhluma kwangaphakathi, amahlumela aphila ezimweni ezingezinhle ngenxa yemvilophu evikelayo. Endabeni yezipanji zamanzi angenasawoti, amahlumela ane-capsule evikelayo futhi ngaphakathi kukhona into ebekiwe. Lapho kufika intwasahlobo, i-capsule evikelayo iyalahleka futhi isiponji esisha sivela ku-bud. Kuma-bryozoans amanzi angenasawoti kukhiqizwa ungqimba we-chitin ne-calcium futhi abadingi into ebekiwe njengoba basesimweni sokulala ubusika.

Izinhlobo

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokukhiqiza kabusha kwe-asexual. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuqhuma, lapho intsha ikhula khona emzimbeni womzali (njengesitshalo sikabhanana, ngokwesibonelo). Olunye uhlobo ngamahlumela ama-germ (gemmules), lapho umzimba womzali ukhipha isisindo samaseli amakhono akhethekile aphenduka umuntu omusha.

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kobulili ezitshalweni

Kwenzeka ezitshalweni lapho ingxenye yazo ihlukana (isiqu, igatsha, ihlumela, i-tuber, i-rhizome ...) futhi ikhula ngokwehlukana ize ibe yisitshalo esisha.5? Yande kakhulu futhi izindlela zayo ziningi futhi ziyahlukahluka. Phakathi kwazo kukhona:

• Ubuciko: Isiqephu sesiqu sesitshalo (ukuxhumanisa) sifakwa esiqwini noma esiqwini sohlobo olufanayo noma oluhlukile. Imvamisa isetshenziswa ezihlahleni zezithelo noma ezinhlotsheni zokuhlobisa.
• Izigxobo: ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngama-cuttings kuqukethe ukusika isiqeshana sesiqu ngamagquma bese usigqiba. Bese ulinda kuze kube yilapho izimpande zikhula. Ngaleyo ndlela kutholakala isitshalo esisha.
• Ukusika noma izingxenye: Iziqu ezilungiselelwe, ezitsheni ezinamanzi noma enhlabathini enomswakama, lapho zakha khona izimpande ezintsha, emva kwalokho zingatshalwa.
• Isiko lezicubu: isiko elenziwa endaweni engenawo amagciwane futhi lisebenzisa izixazululo ezinomsoco kanye namahomoni ezitshalo, adala ukukhula kwezimpande, iziqu namaqabunga esiqeshini sesitshalo.
• Ungqimba: Kuqukethe ukungcwaba ingxenye yesitshalo bese usilinda ukuthi simile. Ngemuva kwalokho iyasikwa futhi ifakwe kwenye indawo, isetshenziswe emvinini.
• Ukuhlukumeza: uhlobo lokukhiqiza kabusha ngezinhlamvu.

Izinzuzo nezinkinga zokukhiqiza kabusha kwe-asexual

Ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokobulili kusebenza kakhulu ezintweni ezihlala endaweni eyodwa futhi ezinganyakazi ukuthola abalingani, abahlala ezindaweni ezizinzile. Kuyindlela esetshenziswa ngezinto ezilula, njengamagciwane. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-asexual akuhlanganisi ukwehluka phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi amaqembu wonke angabhujiswa izifo noma ushintsho emvelweni.

Izinzuzo

Phakathi kwezinzuzo zebhayoloji okubandakanya ukushesha kwalo lokwehlukanisa nokulula kwalo, ngoba akudingeki ukuthi likhiqize amaseli ezocansi, futhi futhi akudingeki lisebenzise amandla emisebenzini ngaphambi kokukhulelwa.

Ngale ndlela umuntu ozimele angaveza inani elikhulu lenzalo, ngokusebenzisa ukwakheka kwe-asexual spore, i-transverse fission, noma i-budding; lula ikoloni elisheshayo lezindawo ezintsha.

nebubi

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunengozi enkulu yokukhiqiza inzalo ngaphandle kofuzo, ukuguquguquka kokuqina, ngoba konke kufana ngokwendalo nomzali wabo nakomunye nomunye. Ukukhetha okwemvelo akukwazi "ukukhetha" abantu abaguqulwe kangcono kakhulu (ngoba bonke baguqulwe ngokulinganayo) futhi laba bantu abangamaclonal kungenzeka bangakwazi ukuhlala endaweni enobudlova, njengoba bengenalo ulwazi lofuzo oludingekayo ukuzivumelanisa nalo. Ngakho-ke lezo zinhlobo zinganyamalala, ngaphandle kwalapho kukhona umuntu ophethe inhlanganisela yokuzivumelanisa nendawo entsha.

Izibonelo ezikhulayo:

Ezilwaneni ezithile ezinamaseli amaningi, njengama-coelenterates, izipanji nama-tunicates, ukwahlukaniswa kwamaseli kwenziwa ngamahlumela. Lokhu kuvela emzimbeni womzimba kamama bese kuba hlukanisa ukukhula njengezinto ezintsha kufana nokwokuqala. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-budding, ifana nenqubo yokukhiqiza izitshalo.

• Izipanji zamanzi.
• Izinhlobo ezithile zesikhunta semvubelo.
• Ezinye izinhlobo ze-jellyfish.
• I-Hydras.
• Amakhorali.