I-cerebellum ingukuthi etholakala ku-dorsal cranial fossa, engemuva kwesiqu sobuchopho futhi esingaphansi kwe-lobe ye-occipital, iyisitho esiphakathi esingajwayelekile esilingana nobubanzi obuphakathi kwe-anteposterior yobubanzi obungu-5.6-6.6 sentimitha nobubanzi obunqamulelayo obuyi-8-10 sentimitha, nobude obungu-4-5 sentimitha cishe isisindo esingu-130 kg.
Izilonda ezikule ndawo azivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokukhubazeka, kepha kunalokho ukungasebenzi kahle kwezimoto, njengokuma, ubunzima bokwenza ezinye izinto nokuzifunda.
Kube nezifundo ezithile ezilwaneni eziveze ukuthi i-cerebellum iyona eyinhloko ophethe ukuthuthukisa amakhono emoto, ukuhlolwa okunjalo kukhombisile ukuthi umonakalo odaleke kuwo ubangele ukuthi labo abathintekile benze iminyakazo exakile neyindida.
Yize okwamanje kukhonjisiwe ukuthi i-cerebellum igcwalisa imisebenzi eminingi kakhulu kunesistimu yezimoto, futhi iyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe njengokuthuthukiswa kolimi, izinqubo ezithile zokuqonda, ukunaka kanye namakhono obuciko.
Yini i-cerebellum?
Kungumlawuli wokuthuthumela komzimba, oqanjwe ngokuba yisifunda sobuchopho esibonakala ngokuhlanganisa konke izindlela zezinzwa nezemoto eziya ohlelweni lwezinzwa, lokhu kuxhumene kakhulu nezinye izindawo zobuchopho kanye nentambo yomgogodla ngokuhlukahluka kwezinyanda zezinzwa, lokhu nakho kuphethe ukucacisa lonke ulwazi oluthunyelwa i-cortex yobuchopho kuzinsimbi zemoto ukuze isebenze kahle
I-cerebellum ingenye yezingxenye ezakha isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, futhi ingeyesibili ngobukhulu, ngemuva kobuchopho kunjalo, itholakala ezingxenyeni ezingezansi nezingemuva zogebhezi.
Ubuchopho bunezimfanelo ezithile ezibukhomba njengobuphethe konke ukunyakaza kwezimoto eziyinkimbinkimbi nokwenza, phakathi kokuvelele kakhulu kukhona okulandelayo.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
Inekhono lokuhlukanisa izingxenye ezintathu ngesikhathi senqubo yokuvela kwayo, enemisebenzi ethile.
- I-lobe engemuva: lokhu kubonakala ngokuba yingxenye yakamuva kakhulu yokuvela kwe-cerebellum.
- I-lobe yangaphakathi: Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-lobe yesibili ngesikhathi sokuvela kwayo.
- I-lobe ka-Flocculo-nodular: Yingxenye endala kunazo zonke ze-cerebellum, eyaziwa nangokuthi ingeyakudala.
Imisebenzi ngokusho kwama-lobes abo
I-cerebellum inemisebenzi emithathu ehlukene, eyehluka kuye nge-lobe eyisebenzisayo.
- Kuyangenelela futhi kulawuleke: konke ukunyakaza okuzenzakalelayo nokwenziwa ngokuzithandela, futhi nakho kunamandla okuxhumanisa yonke imisipha yamathambo ukuze kube nokulawula okungcono komzimba wonke, lo msebenzi uyisici se-lobe yangemuva.
- Gcina: iyakwazi ukugcina ithoni yemisipha yomzimba wonke, isici se-lobe yangaphakathi.
- Ezilinganisweni: i-lobe ye-flocculum-nodular inekhono lokugcina nokubeka ibhalansi kuyo yonke imisipha nasemzimbeni, ifinyelele ukuzinza okugcwele.
I-Anatomy
Inika indawo yokuhlala emizileni yezinzwa engazi lutho, futhi yakhiwe ngama-hemispheres amabili, futhi ikakhulukazi enkabeni yale ndawo kukhona umgodi omncane obizwa nge-Vermis, onesimo esifana ncamashi nesesibungu, futhi kulapho inzwa izindlela ezishiwo ngenhla ziphela.
Ama-Neurons
Kuyamangalisa ukuthi ku-cerebellum kukhona okungu-50% wenani eliphelele lama-neuron ebuchosheni bonke, yize lokhu kulinganiswa ngokulingana no-10% wobukhulu bonke bobuchopho.
Ama-Neurons ukuphela kwezinzwa ngokuhlangana nezinqubo zawo ezifanele.
Ukuxhumana
I-cerebellum iyakwazi ukusungula izinhlobo ezintathu zokuxhuma ngokusebenzisa ama-pendulums ayo we-cerebellar, okuyizintambo zayo. Izinhlobo zokuxhuma zincike kwi-pendulum eyisebenzisayo.
- I-pendulum engezansi: Iyakwazi ukuxhumanisa i-medulla oblongata nentambo yomgogodla.
- I-pendulum emaphakathi: i-annular protuberance ixhuma neo-cerebellum, lezi zibonakaliswa ngokuba yizintambo ezijiyile zezinhlobo ezintathu.
- Pendulum ephezulu: Inekhono lokuxhuma i-nuclei emaphakathi ye-cerebellum nesiqu sobuchopho ngemicu yezimoto.
Ukucushwa kwangaphakathi
Ukulungiswa okukhona i-cerebellum kwehlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili zezinto ngokombala wazo, okumpunga nokumhlophe.
Indaba empunga ihlukaniswe ngama-cerebellar nuclei ama-4 kanye ne-cortex yawo, ngalinye elinomsebenzi walo, futhi limi ngokulandelayo.
- Umongo osetshenzisiwe: lena iyona exhuma neo-cerebellum, bese yona ithuthuka kakhulu.
- I-emboliform nucleus: Le yiyona eyinhloko ephethe emaphethelweni anokusebenza kwezimoto ezifanele.
- Umgogodla we-Globose: Kubonakala ngokuba nomumo ofana nohlamvu "S"
- I-nucleus ye-Fastigial: Iphethe ukusungula ibhalansi emzimbeni nasemisipheni yayo.
Ukubukeka
I-cerebellum igcwele embozwe uketshezi lwe-cerebrospinal, futhi inesimo se-ovoid esimangazayo, ubuchopho bendoda bungaba nesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-9 kunaleso sowesifazane, futhi bungaba nesisindo esiphakathi kuka-150 no-180 amagremu, sona sakhiwe ngobuso obuthathu: obungezansi, obungenhla nobangaphandle.
- Ubuso obungezansi: Ixhumene ngqo ne-occipital fossa yokhakhayi, ebizwa ngokuthi yi-cerebellar fossae, esekelwa yi-dura mater.
- Ubuso obungaphezulu: Ixhuma nodonga olubizwa nge-tentorium cerebellum, futhi ibonakala ngokuma okufana nophahla.
- Ubuso bangaphandle: amaponi we-annular kanye ne-medulla oblongata axhunyiwe ngenxa yalokhu.
Imisebenzi ye-cerebellum
Umsebenzi oyinhloko walokhu ukuxhumanisa nokuthumela isisusa sezinzwa sokunyakaza kanye nokuzwa, lokhu kuyisibopho esikhulu sokusabela ezinkulungwaneni zamathuba okungenzeka akhona ngaphandle, ukukwazi ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokuvikela, ukundiza phakathi kwabanye ngaphambi kwalabo okukhulunyiwe.
Ine- ikhono lokubona nokugcina imininingwane okuvela kwi-cortex yobuchopho, ukukwazi ukusabela kunoma yisiphi isisusa esingaba nomzimba, okwenza ukunyakaza kwemisipha, okubandakanya amakhono afana nezilimi, amakhono obuciko njengomculo, amakhono omzimba, phakathi kokunye.
I-cerebellum iyingxenye yobuchopho bezidalwa eziningi eziphilayo, yize kwezinye ikhula ngaphezu kwezinye, njengoba kunjalo ngezinhlanzi, izinyoni kanye nezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, nalabo abanakho okuthuthuke kakhulu kungaqondakala ngaphakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo kuqala.
Ezinye izifo ezihlobene ne-cerebellum
Lokhu kungaveza ukwehluleka okuthile, okubangelwa ukulimala, okungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu emisebenzini yezimoto neyezilimi zomuntu ophethwe yilezi zifo, phakathi kwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo.
- I-Ataxia: Kubonakala ngokuveza ubunzima ekunyakazeni ngokuzithandela nokungazibandakanyi kwabantu, okwenza ukubonakala kokuphazamiseka okufana ne-hyperthermia, i-dyschronometry, i-adiadochcosinecia ne-asynergia.
- I-Hypotonia: iziguli ezinalesi sifo zingabonisa ukwehla kokuhamba kwemisipha kanye nokushaya kwemisipha ngokushaya.
- Ukuzamazama okungazenzekelayo: Kukhona ukwehluleka ku-cerebellum, esebenza njengomlawuli wokudlidliza komzimba, ngakho-ke ukudlidlizela kungabonakala lapho kuzanywa ukuhlanganisa noma imuphi umsipha, okuwukunyakaza okungazibandakanyi komuntu, ngakho akwenziwa ngenhloso.
Ngokulandelayo, kukhona amanye ama-syndromes ahlobene ne-cerebellum, evela njengoba ilimele, ilimaza noma iphazamisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwezimoto zabantu, phakathi kokujwayelekile kakhulu okulandelayo.
I-hemispheric cerebellar syndrome
Imbangela enkulu yalokhu yi-ischemia noma isimila esitholakala kuma-cerebellar hemispheres, aletha ubunzima bezimoto emaphethelweni, agxile kakhulu kunanoma yini emilenzeni nasezingalweni.
I-Cerebellar Vermis syndrome
Igxila ekungabikho kolawulo lwezingxenye zomzimba ezifana nesiqu nekhanda, kuvimbela umuntu ukuthi azigcine zizinzile, kwesinye isikhathi alahlekelwe ibhalansi, akwazi ukuwela ngamabomu phambili noma emuva.
Kunezindlela eziningi zokulimaza i-cerebellum futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte amakhono esistimu yezimoto zomzimba, njengokuphanjaniswa, ubuthi, izimila, ukutheleleka, ukuhlukumezeka, ukonakala, izinkinga zemithambo yegazi, kanye nokungasebenzi kahle komzimba.