I-Dyslexia - Kuyini, izinhlobo, izimpawu, izimbangela kanye nokwelashwa

Kulezi zinsuku, igama elithi i-dyslexia, kodwa bambalwa abazi ngempela ukuthi lisho ukuthini. Lokhu kwaziwa njengokukhubazeka kokufunda okuzibonakalisa ezinganeni, ebusheni nasebekhulile, futhi izehlakalo zako ziphakeme kakhulu kunalokho umuntu angakucabanga. Ngokuqondile ngalesi sizathu, sethula i-athikili elandelayo ngalesi simo, lapho amaphuzu afana nencazelo yawo, ukuthayipha, izimpawu, kanye nokwelashwa okusetshenziselwa ukukunqoba.

Thola ukuthi yini i-dyslexia nencazelo yayo

Ngokwesiko, igama elithi dyslexia lenziwa ngamagama amabili: i-dys, igama elivela esiGrekini elihunyushwa ngokuthi ubunzima; Y I-lexia, yemvelaphi yesiLatin, okusho ukuthi ukufunda. Ngakho-ke, ukuhumusha ngokwezwi nezwi kwaleli gama kungukuthi kunzima ukufunda.

Kuchazwa njengobunzima bokuqonda nokufaka ikhodi kuzakhi zolimi maqondana nokufunda, ukubhala, ngisho nokukhuluma (ikakhulukazi izimpawu, izinhlamvu); I-ucal yenzeka kubantu abanamakhono ajwayelekile wokuqonda. Lobu bunzima bunakho imvelaphi yokungasebenzi kobuchopho, nalabo abazelwe noma abatholwa njengomphumela wengozi enkambweni yokuphila.

Ngakho-ke, umuntu ongakwazi ukufunda noma ukubhala eneminyaka lapho kubhekwa njengokujwayelekile ngaye ukwenza lokho angabhekwa njenge-dyslexic; Ngaphandle kokuba nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokubambezeleka noma ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, ukukhubazeka kwezinzwa (izinkinga zokuzwa, izinkinga zokubona, isibonelo) kanye nomhlahlandlela ofanele wokufundisa

Abanye ababhali, bathanda UHarstein, uDebray noMelékian, bakuthatha njenge- ukuphazamiseka kokufunda. Abanye bakubona kuyinkinga yokufunda ehlukile futhi ehlukanisiwe, njenge UCritchley, uNieto noPadget, ngenxa yokudideka maqondana nezimpawu. Iqiniso ukuthi namuhla, iningi labantu alicaciswanga ukuthi yini i-dyslexia. Leli gama lisetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyela ukubhekisa ngokujwayelekile ezinkingeni zokufunda nokufunda ezijwayelekile, okungalungile.

Mayelana nokwenzeka kwabo, lobu bunzima buthinta phakathi kuka-5 no-10% wezingane ezifunda isikole, okubalelwa ku-80% wazo kungowesilisa. Eqinisweni, kubantu abane abathintekile, abathathu ngabesilisa. Lokhu kwabalulwa ezikhathini zasendulo ngokubaluleka okukhulu okunikezwe imfundo yabo. Kodwa-ke, emphakathini wethu wamanje abafana namantombazane bafunda isikole ngaphandle kwesithiyo. Ngakho-ke, imbangela ethile ebangela i-dyslexia engxenyeni enkulu kubulili obubodwa kunenye ayikaziwa.

Indlela i-dyslexia disorder ethinta ngayo izimpilo zabantu izoncika kakhulu ebunzimeni bobunzima (uma busezingeni okuphansi, okuphakathi noma okungathí sina). Ngale ndlela, kunabantu abanezinga elincane elibavumela, bona, bavelele emkhakheni wezibalo kanye nezibalo jikelele; noma abanye abanezinga eligcizelela kakhulu kepha abangakwazi ukusebenza emisebenzini efana nochwepheshe bakagesi, izingcweti, abakhandi begolide, abaklami nabathungi. Ekugcineni, lawo macala obunzima obukhulu lapho lesi simo simelela isithiyo sesisindo, futhi siqeqesha abantu kuphela ngemisebenzi eyisisekelo.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-dyslexia?

Kunezinkinga eziningana zokufunda, i-dyslexia ingenye yazo futhi ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, ezizoncika ebunzimeni umuntu onenkinga anabo.

a) I-dyslexia etholakalayo:

Kushiwo i-dyslexia evela kumuntu osevele wafunda ukufunda, ngemuva kwengozi edale i- ukungasebenzi kobuchopho. Ngokulandelayo, lezi zihlukaniswe ngamakhemikhali nasenkabeni, ukuhlonza kwazo kuzoncika ekutheni umphumela wokulimala uthinta umbono wolwazi noma ukucubungula kwalo.

I-peripheral dyslexia:

• Ukunakwa kwe: Kwaphakanyiswa nguPatterson ngo-1981, futhi kubhekiswa kulawo macala lapho iziguli zingakhomba khona amagama emhlabeni jikelele, kanye nokukhomba izinhlamvu ezihlukanisiwe. Kodwa-ke, abakwazi ukubona uhlamvu ngalunye olwakha igama.
• Kubonakala: Kulokhu, abantu ngephutha amagama abanye afana ngokusobala. Isibonelo, bafunda isisindo esikhundleni setafula; ilanga esikhundleni sikasawoti, phakathi kwabanye. Kodwa-ke, bangazibona izinhlamvu zamagama abangakwazi ukuzifunda. Lolu hlobo lwe-dyslexia luchazwe nguMarshall ngo-1984, eminyakeni emithathu ngemuva kokubonakala kokunakwa.
• Incwadi ngencwadi: Ezinhlotsheni ze-dyslexia ezishiwo, lokhu kuthonywa ubude bamagama. Uhlobo lwencwadi ngohlamvu yilolo olubonakala lapho umuntu enesidingo sokufunda ngokuzwakalayo, noma ngaphakathi, uhlamvu ngalunye olwakha igama elithile.

I-dyslexia emaphakathi: Isiguli sinobunzima bokuhlobanisa uphawu lwezithombe nencazelo yegama; Lokhu kungenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kwemizila esebenza njengezindlela zokuzixhumanisa. Ngokuya ngomzila lapho kunzima ukwenza lokhu kuhlangana, i-dyslexia emaphakathi ihlukaniswa ibe:

• Ifonotiki: Isiguli sikhombisa ukukhubazeka endleleni yefonological, ngoba bayakwazi ukufunda amagama aziwayo ngendlela ebonakalayo, kepha abakwazi ukufunda amagama amasha, angaziwa noma aqanjiwe. Umuntu one-dyslexia yefonological angafunda i-lopo esikhundleni sempisi, ngokwesibonelo.
• Ngaphezulu: Iyazibonakalisa ikakhulukazi ngokufundwa okungalungile kwamagama angajwayelekile, imvamisa amagama abolekwe kwezinye izilimi, anokubhalwa okufanayo nokuphinyiselwa okufanayo olimini oluthintekile; isibonelo, "ihholo". Kuhlobene nokulimala kwamaphoyinti amathathu endleleni ebonakalayo: i-lexicon ebonakalayo, uhlelo lwe-semantic kanye ne-phonological lexicon.
• Ama-Semantics: Isiguli sinamandla okufunda amagama ngesichazamazwi esibukwayo nesichazamazwi sefonological, noma kunjalo, ngeke sikwazi ukuthola incazelo yaso. Kulolu hlobo lwe-dyslexia, kunokungasebenzi kahle ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwesichazamazwi esibukwayo nohlelo lwe-semantic, oluvimbela ukukhishwa komyalezo ophelele.
• Okujulile: Lokhu kungenye yezinhlobo ezimbi kakhulu ze-dyslexia, njengoba igama layo likhombisa, ngoba lowo muntu uzoba nobunzima ekufundeni ama-pseudowords noma amagama angajwayelekile, nasekutholakaleni incazelo yawo. I- isiguli esine-dyslexia ejulile izokwethula zombili izimpawu zokukhubazeka endleleni ebonakalayo, nalezo zokukhubazeka endleleni yefonotiki. Ngale ndlela, bazokwazi ukufunda "itafula" lapho lithi "sihlalo".

b) I-dyslexia yokuziphendukela kwemvelo:

Ebizwa nangokuthi i-dyslexia ekhulayo, yilokho kukhubazeka okuvela kumuntu ngenkathi efunda ukufunda, futhi kuqhubeka nangemva kwalokhu. Izimpawu kuleli cala zifana kakhulu nalezo ezethulwe yilabo abahlushwa uhlobo olutholiwe, kepha kulokhu, ngeke zibangelwe ukulimala ebuchosheni.

Izimpawu

Lapho izinhlobo ezihlukile ze-dyslexia ziveziwe, umuntu angathola umbono wezimpawu ezihlobene nalesi sifo. Kodwa-ke, kulesi sigaba sethula ukuwohloka okujwayelekile kwezimpawu ze-dyslexia ezivame kakhulu kubantu abazivezayo, futhi zona ezisetshenziselwa ukuxilongwa kwazo:

• Bethula ifayili le- ukufunda kancane, uma kuqhathaniswa nezingane ezisezingeni elifanayo. Lesi isici sesici sabantu abane-dyslexia futhi sivame kakhulu njengoba ingane iqala ukufunda imisho emide nemibhalo.
• Bahlala belahlekelwa ukuhleleka kwemigqa yombhalo othile, futhi empeleni, ukuziqondisa basebenzisa omunye weminwe yabo ukukhomba kulayini okuwo.
• Baguqula izinhlamvu ezakha amagama. Ngale ndlela, bangaphambanisa u- "b" no- "p" noma u- "q".
• Ngenkathi ufunda imibhalo, basungula amagama ngezimpawu ezicacile ezifana nezasekuqaleni. Zingahle noma zingahambisani nomongo wokufundwayo.
• Bangakwazi ukubhala phambi kwesibuko ngezikhathi ezithile.
• Bethula ubunzima bokupela amagama, ngaphambi kwalokho bethula ukungabaza okuningi, futhi ngokujwayelekile, bashintsha ukuhleleka kwezinhlamvu.
• Bafunda izindatshana, izandiso nezihlanganisi (ezibizwa ngamagama okusebenza) ngobunzima obukhulu, ngoba azinayo incazelo ezingakwazi ukuhlobana nayo.
• Bafaka ubunzima obuphawulekayo ekufundeni ulimi olusha.
• Banobunzima bokuphimisela amagama we-polysyllabic.
• Kunzima ngabo ukuthi bafunde amatafula okuphindaphinda.

Izimbangela ze-dyslexia

Yize kuyisifo okuye kwafundwa kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX, izimbangela ze-dyslexia azikaziwa nanamuhla. Ngokuvamile, sichaze i-dyslexia ngokuya ngemvelaphi yayo njengokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokutholakele. Izimbangela zakamuva zicacile. yize kunezici ezihlobene nezimpawu, ezihlanganiswe emibonweni ethile ezizama ukuchaza kunalokho ngemvelaphi yesimo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Eminye yemicabango eyamukelwa kakhulu ichazwe ngezansi:

• Izimbangela zofuzo: Lesi ngesinye sezimbangela okuxoxwa ngazo kakhulu. Abanye ososayensi bathi ukukhula kwalokhu kungasebenzi kubangelwa ama-chromosomes 15 no-6, ahlobene nokwakhiwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokungasebenzi kahle kokufunda. Kodwa-ke, abukho ubufakazi obuqinile obethulwe ukuxhasa lokhu.
• Izimbangela zezinzwa: Mayelana naleli phuzu, ukungazalwa okuzalwa ngokwemvelo kwemizwa yezinzwa, sekukhulunyiwe ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza kokuzalwa, kepha iqiniso ukuthi, njengakwezemibono yezofuzo yezimbangela ze-dyslexia, abukho ubufakazi obanele bokuqinisekisa ukuthi buqala ngezinzwa.
• Izimbangela zehormonal: Abanye ababhali bakuhlobanisa nokuba khona kwamahomoni wesilisa, okuzochaza izehlakalo eziphakeme zokuphazamiseka emadodeni.
• Izimbangela zezinzwa: Lokhu kuchazwe ezinhlotsheni ze-dyslexia etholakele. Izimbangela ezibucayi zingabonakala, zivakale futhi zifundwe ngezwi. Okokuqala kubangelwa ubunzima bokucubungula okubukwayo. Lokhu kungaba ngenxa yokuhlanekezela okubonakalayo, ukunyakaza kwamehlo okungajwayelekile, okungenza kube nzima ukulandela ukuhleleka kwezinhlamvu ngenkathi kufundwa. Okulalelwayo, lapho umsuka walesi sifo usenkingeni yokuzwa khona. Ekugcineni, izimbangela zemisindo, lapho ubunzima buchazwa khona ekuhlukaniseni amafonimu akha ulimi.
• Izimbangela zengqondo: Umbono othi izimbangela ze-dyslexia kwisici sezengqondo uthakazelisa impela. Abanye ababhali bahlobanisa lesi sifo nokusilela ebudlelwaneni bemisindo nezimpawu zolimi. Abanye bayixhumanisa nezinkinga ezithintekayo noma izinto ezithinta imvelo ezinomthelela ekugqugquzelweni nasekwazeni kwengane yokufunda. Ekugcineni, abanye abalandeli bokuziphatha bathi kungumkhuba omubi otholakele, ngakho-ke ukwelashwa kwabo kufuna ukuqeda isimilo.
• Izimbangela zokufundisa: Okuhlobene nemikhuba yokufunda engalungile, enesihluku noma engasetshenziswanga kahle. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono uphikiswa kakhulu ngoba ngaphansi kwalezi zinqubo ezifanayo ezinye izingane ziba ne-dyslexia, kanti ezinye azenzi njalo.

Ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo

Ukwelashwa kwe-dyslexia kufanele kufake wonke umjikelezo wokuphila kogulayo. Ngakho-ke, ekutholeni kwayo isencane, kuzodinga amasu wokuxazulula ubunzima bokufunda. Kuleli qophelo kukhulunywa nge izinhlelo zokufunda eziqondiswayo; okukuthi enye yezidume kakhulu I-Orton-Gillingham (OG), eyaziwa kangcono njengeMultisensory and Structured Language Teaching (MSLE). Lokhu kubhekwa njengethuluzi eliphumelela kakhulu lokufundisa izingane ezine-dyslexia.

• Uhlelo lweMSLE lusebenzisa zonke izinzwa ukufundisa izingane ukufunda. Isibonelo, abafundi bangafunda incwadi ethile ngokuyibuka, bayiphimise, bayibhale ngezinto ezahlukahlukene ngendlela yokuthi bakwazi ukuyizwa noma bayinuke.
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukuthi ingane inikezwe ochwepheshe abakhethekile endaweni; ukukusiza ukuthi ubone imisindo yamagama, hlukanisa imisindo efanayo bese uwaxuba ukuze wakhe amasha, isibonelo. Lokhu kwaziwa njengokudala Ukuqwashisa ngemisindvo. Ngakho-ke, bazofunda nokuphimisa amagama abangawazi (ukuhlukanisa amagama).
• Kunconywa ukuthi, ekilasini, kufundiswe izingane ngamaqembu amancane. Ngendlela efanayo, yenza imisebenzi evumela uhlobo olulodwa noma ezimbili zamafonti ukuthi zilawulwe, esikhundleni seziningi ngasikhathi sinye, njengokujwayelekile.
• Abanye, ngokuya ngemvelaphi ye-dyslexia, baphakamisa izivivinyo zamehlo ezikhuthaza futhi zithuthukise ukubona komuntu, yize le ndlela okwamanje ibuzwa kakhulu.

Endabeni yabafundi baseyunivesithi, ukwelashwa kwe-dyslexia kuqondiswa ukusiza, ngoba okwamanje kunzima kakhulu ukuhlasela le nkinga. Abafundi baseNyuvesi kumele bafake izicelo ngendlela efanayo izivivinyo zokufunda, lokho kuzobasiza ukuthi bathathe imininingwane. Kodwa-ke, lesi yisifo esingelapheki, ngakho-ke ngendlela efanayo bazodinga isikhathi esithe xaxa sokutadisha nokwenza imisebenzi yabo.

Namuhla, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe ingakusiza kakhulu izimpilo ze-dyslexics, ikakhulukazi esigabeni sabafundi. Kube khona okuqoshiwe iminyaka eminingana ongakusebenzisa ekilasini, ukufaka esikhundleni sokufunda ngezikhathi ezithile; ama-laptops anabahloli bezipelingi, izincwadi ezirekhodwa ngezwi, okokufundisa nezinsizakalo ezikhethekile ezinikezwa izikhungo zemfundo zalawa macala.

Ukuphetha, uma konke ngale nkinga ejwayelekile sekwaziwa, sikumema ukuthi ushiye umbono wakho noma isipiliyoni ngale ndaba ebhokisini lokuphawula. Ungabelana futhi ngendatshana kumanethiwekhi wakho omphakathi ukwazisa ngale nkinga ethinta izingane eziningi nabantu abajwayelekile namuhla.