Phakathi kokuhlukile ama-opioid analgesic ekhona, singathola i-heroin; okubuye kube nezakhiwo ezivumela ukucindezela ukukhwehlela nokugwema nezinkinga zesisu ezifana nohudo. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezokwelapha kungaphansi kokuzijabulisa, ngenxa yemiphumela enamandla evelayo; Isizathu sokuthi silungiselele lokhu kufakwa nayo yonke imininingwane ngakho.
Yazi ukuthi yini i-heroin nezici zayo
Njengoba sishilo, i-opioid enemiphumela ye-analgesic. Kuyinto etholakala ku-morphine, eyenziwe ngesitshalo lapho kukhishwa khona i-opium. Inamandla kakhulu kune-morphine futhi imiphumela ijwayele ukuqala ngokushesha okukhulu.
- Okungekho emthethweni kwaziwa njengempuphu emhlophe, ehlanganiswe nabathile abaphingayo.
- Lokhu kudliwa ngemithambo yegazi noma ngomlomo ngokubhema.
- Kubhekwa njengesidakamizwa ukucindezeleka kwesistimu yezinzwa eziphakathi.
- Kungenye yezinto ezikhiqiza ukuncika okukhulu ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo ngejubane elikhulu kakhulu; okubeka phakathi kwezidakamizwa ngezinga eliphakeme lokulutha futhi lokho kudala umonakalo omkhulu uma kuqhathaniswa neminye.
Kutholwe nguCharles Romley Alder, owayihlanganisa ngemuva kokuyihlukanisa nenqubo ebizwa nge- "acetylation" ye-morphine hydrochloride. I-etymology yayo ingenxa yenkampani yeBayer, inkampani eyenza imithi eseJalimane eyathengisa le nto diaceltimorphine ngaphansi kwegama elithi "heroin."
Inkampani efanayo ibiphethe ukumaketha umkhiqizo, obekucatshangwa ukuthi uyinguqulo "engasebenzi" ye-morphine. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-morphine yayisetshenziselwa ukuzijabulisa, ngakho-ke le nto entsha yayiyindlela enhle kulawa macala. Kodwa-ke, okuphambene nalokho kwenzeka futhi abantu abaningi baqala ukuthembela entweni, beshesha ukwedlula owandulelayo.
Iyini imiphumela ye-heroin?
Phakathi kwemiphumela ekhiqizwa ukusetshenziswa kwento singathola ukunganaki, i-miosis, ukozela, ukwehla kokuphefumula, ukusebenza kwezimoto kanye nokungezwani, isicanucanu noma ukuhlanza (imvamisa kokudla kokuqala) nokuyeka. Lokhu kubuye kube nemiphumela ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi nolungaphandle, okuyi:
Imiphumela ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi
- Ukuvimbela ukuhlanza.
- Ukucindezela ukukhwehlela.
- Umfundi wehla ngosayizi.
- Ukuhlala nomphumela we-analgesic.
- Ukusangana
- Ukushisa komzimba kwehlisiwe.
Imiphumela ohlelweni lwezinzwa lomngcele
- Izikhathi ezimbalwa zokuqala inganikeza imiphumela efana nokuhlanza noma isicanucanu; kepha uma umthamo ofanayo ugcinwa lapho udla kwezinye izikhathi, lo mphumela uyanyamalala.
- Ama-sphincters andisa umsebenzi wawo, kanjalo nemisipha ebushelelezi (isibonelo, i-bronchi).
- Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kokuqunjelwa.
- Ukoma kwezinhlayiya ezibukeka nezinamafinyila.
- Ukusabela okweqile.
- Umbono ofiphele.
Imiphumela emibi yokusetshenziswa okuhlukumezayo
Iphinde ikhiqize imiphumela emibi eminingi lapho ihlukunyezwa, engaholela ezinkingeni nasezinkinga ezinkulu zempilo; ngenxa yezinguquko zomzimba ezikhiqizwe yizo kanye nezifebe ezengeziwe.
- Enye yezingozi ezivame kakhulu ukweqisa ngokweqile, ngoba ngokocwaningo olwenziwe e-United States, cishe ama-55% we iziguli eziluthayo ihlupheke okungenani ukweqisa izidakamizwa okukodwa.
- Isidakamizwa singaholela ekukhuleni kwesifo sokuwa noma izinkinga ezifanayo nokugula kwengqondo noma ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
- Ukuguqulwa okuqhubekayo kwesistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi kungaveza izifo esibindini, ekujikelezeni kwegazi, phakathi kwabanye.
- Uma umuntu eguliswa yizinhlanganisela ezifana ne-angioedema ne-anaphylaxis, kungavela inkinga engabeka impilo yomuntu osebenzayo engcupheni. Kodwa-ke, ambalwa amacala atholakele.
Okokugcina, lolu hlobo lwezidakamizwa zokuzithokozisa nezingekho emthethweni ezisetshenziswa ngemijovo efakwa emithanjeni, maningi amathuba okuthi lithelele umsebenzisi izifo ezifana ne-AIDS noma i-hepatitis; ngaphezu kokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezifo.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zokusetshenziswa?
Isetshenziswa ngamalabhorethri, odokotela nabantu abanezizathu noma izinhloso ezihlukile. Abokuqala baphethe i- sebenzisa i-diacetylmorphine ukuhlanganisa ezinye izinhlanganisela zokuqeda izinhlungu; ngenkathi abokugcina beqhuba izifundo kanti owesithathu uyisebenzisa ngokuzithokozisa. Lezi zindlela ezimbili zokugcina ukusetshenziswa okuthakazelisa kakhulu, esizochaza ngezansi:
Ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha komuthi
Isetshenziswa odokotela abaningana ukwenza izifundo maqondana nomehluko phakathi kwe-morphine yendabuko nale nto; lapho, ngokwesibonelo, eJalimane kuyenziwa uphenyo ukuthola ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukwelapha imilutha yalowo ketshezi kanye namanye ama-opioid nge-heroin emsulwa ngaphandle kwezifebe ezivame ukutholakala kumuthi ongekho emthethweni, okuvame ukuthi ukhiqize ukulimala.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezokungcebeleka nokuhlukumeza
Inkinga enkulu ye-heroin ukuthi inamazinga aphezulu okungenzeka abe umlutha walolu ketshezi; okusho ukuthi noma umuntu ezama lesi sidakamizwa ngokuzithokozisa, amathuba okuthi azophinde asisebenzise futhi aphezulu kakhulu.
Umuthi ungadliwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuphathwa, njenge izilimi ezingezansi, ezihogelwayo, ezibhemayo, ezomlomo, ezinqamulelayo, ezifaka emithanjeni kanye nezingqimba noma ezangasese. Le nombolo enkulu yezinketho ihlukaniswe ngezindlela eziningana, njenge:
- Into ingahlafunwa (izilimi ezingezansi).
- Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi uyidle ngendlela efakwe ngaphakathi, okungukuthi, umkhiqizo uhogelwe ngqo.
- Ngomlomo, iphuzwa imsulwa noma ihlanganiswe notshwala, okunganciphisa eminye yemiphumela yayo emibi kakhulu.
- Kungabhenywa, kungaba nokunye okuhambisanayo noma kukodwa, lapho kusebenza iphepha elinjenge-aluminium.
- Kukhona ama-suppositories wokusetshenziswa kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane noma i-rectal.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwesikhumba kuqukethe ukugcoba into ngamandla, okuvame ukushiya izibazi ezigulini eziningi.
- Ekugcineni, indlela eyinhloko yokusetshenziswa ingeyokujova ngomjovo. Ngale ndlela kuyadingeka ukuthi ubilise into ngamanzi futhi kungenzeka ukujova kunoma yimuphi umthambo, yize kuvame emaphethelweni.
Yimiphi imithamo esetshenzisiwe?
Umthamo ovame ukudliwa ucishe ube ama-milligram ayi-7, kuya ngezinga lokuzwela lelo ndaba elinalo kuma-opiates. Uma kwenzeka ukusebenzisa kabi isikhathi esikahle, lowo muntu angadinga imithamo eyeqa ngaphezu kwama-30 milligram.
Ngenxa yokubekezelelana okungavela kumuthi, umthamo ungakhuphuka kakhulu njengoba isikhathi sihamba kanye nenkinga noma ukufa ngenxa yesifo kalula.
Ukwelashwa kweziguli eziyimilutha ye-heroin
IHeroin ithathwa njengesidakamizwa esinzima, njengoba inamaphuzu aphakeme kakhulu esikalini sokuncika, ukuluthwa nokubekezelelana. Okusho ukuthi iningi leziguli ezilisebenzisayo lithembele ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo; futhi bayabekezelela futhi badinga ukusebenzisa umthamo ophakeme.
Kodwa-ke, yize kungabonakala kuyinkimbinkimbi, kungenzeka ukwelashwa ukuze isiguli simise umuthi futhi siqhubeke nempilo yaso ngokujwayelekile. Yize kunjalo ngalokhu, lowo muntu kumele azi ngomonakalo odalwe yiwo futhi avume ukuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwakhe.
Phakathi kwezindlela zokwelapha ezivelele zokunqanda ukusetshenziswa yilezo i-detox, i-methadone ne-buprenorphine noma eminye imithi efanayo.
- Uhlelo lwe-detox Iyafana neyezinye izidakamizwa, lapho zivumela khona isiguli ukuthi sikushiye ukusetshenziswa futhi welaphe izimpawu ezikhiqizwa yisifo sokuhoxa. Lokhu kuvame ukusebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu lapho umuntu evalelwa izinyanga ezintathu kuya kwengxenye yonyaka.
- Ngakolunye uhlangothi, la imethadone futhi kuyindlela yokwelapha i-heroin lapho into isetshenziselwa ukwelapha ukulutheka; ukuba ngenye yezinhlelo ezindala kakhulu. Umgomo wakho ukuthatha imithi ngomlomo futhi uvimbele izimpawu zokuhoxa zingenzeki. Lokhu kwelashwa kungcono ukukuhlanganisa nezindlela zokwelapha zokuziphatha.
- Ekugcineni, buprenorphine nemithi ehlanganisiwe nayo ingaba usizo. Lokhu kuveza imiphumela efana naleyo yama-opiates, kepha ngamandla amancane; okuyindlela yokuvikela imiphumela yokuhoxa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminye imithi efana ne-naltrexone ne-naloxone nayo ingasetshenziswa, ngoba ivimba imiphumela ekhiqizwa ama-opiate amaningi.
Injani ukuhoxiswa kwesifo?
Like the ukuhoxiswa kwesifo kusuka kwamanye ama-opiatesLezi zivame ukuba namandla kakhulu futhi zingaba zimbi impela; Yingakho iziguli eziyimilutha noma ezithembele zivunyelwa ukuthi zikwazi ukuzelapha ngempumelelo futhi, futhi, zizinakekele.
- Ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kokugcina, abantu ngabanye bazizwa benesidingo noma isifiso sokudla, okuveza imiphumela efana nokukhathazeka noma ukusesha ngokulangazelela into leyo.
- Emahoreni ayisishiyagalombili kuya emahoreni ayishumi nanhlanu, izimpawu ezinjengokujuluka, ukuzamula kanye nokudwengula kuyenzeka.
- Kusukela emahoreni ayishumi nanhlanu kuya osukwini, imiphumela ingaba mibi kakhulu, ngoba isiguli sizozwa amagagasi okushisa ahlukahlukene (kushisa noma kubanda), i-anorexia, ukuguquguquka kwemizwelo, i-mydriasis kanye nokuqina kwezicubu.
- Ngemuva kokudlulisa usuku lokuqala, kuba nezimpawu ezinjengokungalali, ubuhlungu endaweni yesisu, ukuhlanza, isicanucanu, izinkinga zesisu, nobunzima ekwenzeni imisebenzi yezimoto.
Siyethemba ukuthi okufakiwe mayelana nalesi sidakamizwa sezokwelapha nezokungcebeleka esinemiphumela emibi nokuthembela kwizinga eliphakeme, ukubekezelelana nokulutha, bekukuthanda kwakho. Uma kwenzeka unemibuzo noma iminikelo, ungakhohlwa ukuphawula ebhokisini elingezansi.