I-Hydrochloric acid - Umlando, izakhiwo nokusetshenziswa

I-Hydrochloric acid ibonakala ngokuba wuketshezi olungenambala, bese kuthi yona ibe nephunga elibi, yize kwezinye izimo kungaphawulwa ukuthi into leyo inethoni ephuzi ngoba iqukethe ama-chlorine braids, organic organic noma kwezinye izimo insimbi.

Le nhlanganisela ingatholakala nge inqubo yokuhlanganiswa nokumuncwa emanzini we-gaseous hydrogen ne-chlorine, yaziwa kakhulu ngezimfanelo zayo zokuzinza ezishisayo, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene ezinganikezwa, empeleni iyikhemikhali elusizo kakhulu namuhla ezinqubweni eziningi ezenziwa ezimbonini nasezinkampanini zokukhiqiza, kanye nakuma laboratories amakhemikhali .

Ukuqala kwale asidi emangazayo ukuthi esikalini sokuthandwa emhlabeni kungokwesibili, ngemuva nje kwe-sulfuric acid, kwakusenkathini ephakathi, lapho esikhundleni sososayensi abakhona, noma amakhemikhali, la makhemikhali ayephathwa osokhemisi.

Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zomlando wokuthi le ngxube itholakale kanjani okokuqala, kanye nezimfanelo zayo, izici, izakhiwo, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuqapha okufanelekile kuzobhalwa ngezansi.

Kuyini i-hydrochloric acid?

I-Hydrochloric acid yisixazululo samanzi segesi esaziwa njenge i-hydrogen chloride, Izici zayo ukuthi zingakhubaza futhi zibe ne-asidi kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa okuvame kakhulu okutholakala kule asidi kufana nereagent yamakhemikhali. I-Hydrochloric acid iyinhlanganisela engahlukaniswa ngokuphelele nezixazululo ezinamandla.

Le nhlanganisela inezici ezithile ekamelweni lokushisa, njengokuba nombala ophuzi omncane, iyonakalisa, inesisindo esiphakeme emoyeni, inephunga elicasulayo kakhulu, futhi iyasha, lapho ivezwa emoyeni, i-hydrochloric acid yakha kakhulu ukubhekwa okucatshangelwe, okungabonwa ngombala wazo omhlophe, lokhu kungasuswa ngokwemvelo yizintaba-mlilo.

I-Hydrogen chloride ingakhiwa ngokushisa izinhlanganisela ezahlukahlukene, njengeplastiki, futhi lapho ihlangana namanzi, kulapho kwenziwa khona i-hydrochloric acid, lezi zinhlanganisela ezimbili zonakalisa kakhulu.

historia 

Waziwa njengomoya kasawoti ososayensi basendulo bezikhathi zasendulo, impela ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, i-hydrochloric acid iyinhlanganisela lapho kutholakala khona ngephutha kwathiwa nguJabir Ibn Hayyan, ngoba wayengumbhali wencwadi eyaziwa ngokuthi "iPseudo- Gerber corpus ", umsebenzi wabhapathizwa ngaleli gama ngoba uJabir wayaziwa nangokuthi uGerber.

E-Europe kube nokwanda okukhulu okumangazayo ngenxa yezinto ezinama-alkaline, lokhu kwakukhona ngesikhathi senguquko yokuqala yezimboni, ngenxa yalesi sidingo esikhulu uNicolás Leblanc wenza indlela entsha yokuthola, eyavumela ukukhiqizwa kukhuphuke ezingeni, kufinyelele ekukhiqizweni kwabantu abaningi, bese kuthi kungabizi kakhulu ukukhiqiza.

Enqubeni yeLeblanc amalahle, i-limestone, ne-sulfuric acid asetshenziselwa ukuguqula amanzi abe yi-soda, Lokhu kutholakala ngokukhipha i-hydrogen chloride njengomkhiqizo odoti, owawudedelwa ngaphambili emkhathini, kodwa ngenxa yomthetho owasungulwa ngo-1863, waphoqa izimboni ukuthi zimunce igesi kadoti, emanzini, ngoba Lokhu kwaqala ukukhiqiza i-hydrochloric i-asidi emhlabeni jikelele.

Inqubo yeLeblanc yathatha iminyaka eminingi, yize ngekhulu lama-XNUMX yathathelwa indawo enye esebenza kahle kakhulu, kodwa ngenxa yalokho ayizange ikuvumele ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrochloric acid, yize lokhu kwakusetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, ngakho ke Izimboni ezinkulu zazitshala imali ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sabo ezinkambisweni zokuyithola, ngoba bese kunesidingo se-hydrochloric acid.

Izakhiwo ze-Hydrochloric acid

I-Hydrochloric acid inezinto ezivame kakhulu emhlabeni wamakhemikhali, njengamaphoyinti ancibilikayo namanzi abilayo, i-pH nobuningi, okuncike ekugxileni kwenhlanganisela ye-HCl kusisombululo esiqinile. Ukuze ulinganise ukuhlushwa, umuntu kufanele asebenzise ukuzwakala, yize lokhu kungenzeki kuzo zonke izimo.

I-hydrochloric acid evame kakhulu, engatholakala phakathi kwe- imikhiqizo ethengiswa kakhulu emakethe, imvamisa itholakala kokuhlala phakathi kuka-38% no-25%

Amagremu angama-38 ale nhlanganisela angahlanjululwa emanzini njalo ngamamililitha ayi-100 awo, kepha emazingeni okushisa aphansi inamandla okwakha amakristalu we-HCI H2Noma nge-68% HCl, isixazululo esinjalo siyakwazi ukwakha i-azeotrope.

Ngenxa yokusabela kokuphambuka kwe-organic of organic ngezinto ezine-di-chlorine, inani elikhulu le-hydrochloric acid liyakhiwa, le nqubo ivame kakhulu ezimbonini ezinkulu zamakhemikhali.

Imikhiqizo yokuhlanza ivame ukuba nokuhlungwa kwale nhlanganisela yamanani kusuka ku-10% kuye ku-12% ngokuvamile, aziwa njengezisombululo zokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya.

Kunamakhemikhali alolu hlobo anokugxila okuphezulu, njengalawo angama-40%, yize lokhu kuvame ukuba yingozi kancane, ngoba izinga lokuhwamuka liphakeme kakhulu, ngakho-ke kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezithile ukuwagcina.

Enye indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokukhiqiza ukuthola i-hydrochloric acid ukufaka i-electrolyzing isisombululo esivamile sikasawoti, esingaveza i-di-chloro, di-hydrogen, ne-sodium hydroxide. Ngokuthola i-di-chlorine gas ngale ndlela, ingahlanganiswa negesi ye-di-hydrogen ukwakha inhlanganisela ye-HCI, ebonakala ngokuba msulwa ngokwamakhemikhali.

I-Chemistry

IHydrogen chloride yaziwa njenge i-monoprotic acidLokhu kungenxa yokuthi ekubunjweni kwayo okwenziwe nge-ion eyodwa eyaziwa njenge-proton, enekhono lokubopha kumolekyuli yamanzi ukuze ithole i-oxonium ion, lokhu kungukuthi nje kusesixazululweni esinamanzi.

I-Hydrochloric acid inenye i-ion eyi-chloride, ngenxa yalokhu, le nhlanganisela inamandla okusetshenziselwa ukudala usawoti owaziwa ngokuthi ama-chloride, njenge-sodium chloride.

I-Hydrochloric acid yaziwa ngokuthi inesakhiwo esiqinile impela, ngoba ingahlukaniswa ngokuphelele emanzini.

Ama-acid angama-monoprotic angabonisa izinga lokuhlukaniswa kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa i-dissociation constant emelwa yi-Ka, Uma unesixazululo samanzi se-HCI, inani lokuhlala kuchazwe ngenhla kuvame ukuba nama-asidi aqinile afana ne-HCI lapho kufakwa ama-chloride, njenge-NaCI, kulezi zinqubo i-PH yokugcina ihlala ifana, ngenxa yokuthi ushintsho alusebenzi kangako, okukhombisa ukuthi kutholakala isisekelo se-conjugate esibuthakathaka esibizwa nge-CI ion, esikhombisa ukuthi i-HCI isesimweni sokuhlukaniswa ngokuphelele uma isisisombululo esinamandla.

Le asidi yize inezici ezikunquma njenge-asidi enamandla, kuvela ukuthi iyikho enye yezinto eziyingozi kakhulu ukukhohlisaYize i-asidi yayo ephawulekayo, ikhiqiza i-chloride ion engasebenzi futhi engeyona enobuthi.

Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali cishe kuyindawo yayo ezenzakalelayo, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okuhle okunikezwayo, futhi kuyasiza kakhulu ekugayeni amasampula wokuhlaziya kwawo.

Ungayithola kanjani i-hydrochloric acid

Ingatholwa nge-sodium chloride nokuqedwa emanzini. Ezinqubeni zezimboni kutholakala ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-sodium chloride, futhi ukuze lokhu kungenzeki ngodlame, amagesi amabili aqala ukuxubana lapho impendulo iqala ukwenzeka, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukusabela phakathi kwe-chlorine ne-hydrogen kungaba kuqhuma emvelweni. Le nqubo ifezwa ngokudlulisa umfudlana othile wamagesi e-chlorine elangabini le-hydrogen.

Izinto zokusetshenziswa zale nqubo yi-sodium chloride. Ukufeza amazinga adingekayo we-chlorine ne-hydrogen, kufanele kwenziwe i-electrolysis yesisombululo se-sodium chloride esigxile, esaziwa kakhulu ngegama le-brine.

ISagua la Grande yidolobha laseCuba, izwe lakhona liyikhaya lesitshalo samakhemikhali esaziwa nge-Electroquímica de Sagua, lapho le nhlanganisela itholakala khona ngezinqubo ezichazwe ngenhla. Igama langempela lesitshalo ngu "Elpidio Sosa".

Izicelo ezivame kakhulu zale nhlanganisela

I-Hydrochloric acid inezimfanelo ezinhle, ngakho-ke inamandla okufeza imisebenzi eminingana, ngoba ithathwa njenge-asidi eqinile, eguquguqukayo futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, iyi-asidi eshibhile. Ukusetshenziswa okuvame kakhulu okutholakala kule nhlanganisela kufana nokwehla, ngoba kungasusa i-limestone.

Ezimbonini zokukhiqiza ukudla, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kungabonwa ukuncibilikisa amathambo okulungiselelwe i-gelatin.

Le asidi ingasetshenziselwa futhi ukuqeda imfucuza engasuswa yizinto ezinama-alkaline, nayo isetshenziselwa ukulawula i-PH yezinye izixazululo, noma ukuqonda kangcono i-asidi yayo, njengokudla, amanzi, nemikhiqizo yezemithi.

Ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile ukuncibilikisa isendlalelo se-oxide esingakha ezindaweni zensimbi, le nqubo isici semikhakha yenqubo yensimbi.

Enye yezicelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuvuselela izinhlayiya ze-ion exchange, okumele kusetshenziswe i-hydrochloric acid esezingeni eliphakeme.

Izingozi nemiphumela eyingozi

Ukuphathwa budlabha kwale nhlanganisela, noma izinqubo zokuyithola, kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nayo okungenani ibe nolwazi oluncane, ngenxa yalesi sizathu esilula eminye imiphumela emibi nezingozi izokhonjiswa ngezansi. letha okudla kakhulu, noma ukuxhumana ne-hydrochloric acid.

Imiphumela eyingozi

Imiphumela eyingozi ye-hydrochloric acid ingathikamezeka noma ngabe kukude kakhulu ekuphenduleni kwayo, ngoba iyinhlanganisela ecasula kakhulu futhi ebhubhisayo yanoma iluphi uhlobo lwezicubu, ngakho-ke ukuba seduze kwayo noma ukwakha ukuxhumana okuqondile kungadala nokufa.

Ngokuya ngokuhlushwa kanye nebanga lale nhlanganisela, kungadala kusuka ekucasukeni okuncane, ekushisweni okukhulu esikhunjeni sabantu, noma ukuvezwa okungathathwa njengokuphansi esikhathini eside kungaveza ezinye izimpawu njengokucasuka umphimbo, emehlweni, izinkinga zokuphefumula, nokuguquka kwesikhumba emazinyweni.

Ngaphandle kokuthi le nhlanganisela iyingozi kakhulu kubantu, isisu sine-3% ye-hydrochloric acid, ngoba sisiza ngokubola kokudla, kanye nokukhishwa kwamavithamini.

Ukuntuleka kwalesi sakhi esiswini kungadala izifo ezinzima njenge-hypochlorhydria ne-achlorhydria, okungenzeka kube yizigelekeqe zesifo esibi esaziwa njenge-gastroenteritis.

Ezimbonini kuye kwenzeka ukubona nokufunda ukuthi abasebenzi abambalwa abadalulwe kule asidi babulawe ngumdlavuza wamaphaphu obangelwa yi-hydrochloric acid efanayo.

Izingozi ezivame kakhulu

Kunezingozi ezahlukahlukene ezingavela lapho uhlangana nanoma yiluphi uhlobo nge-hydrochloric acid, engaba ngokuyihogela, ukuyiphuza, noma ngokuxhumana namehlo noma isikhumba, okuzochazwa ngezansi.

Izingozi zokuphefumula

Ukuvezwa ngokuhogela kuvame ukuthinta uhlelo lokuphefumula, futhi ngokuzenzakalela uhlelo lokuphefumula, lubangele izifo ezifana ne-bronchitis ebukhali, ukugqwala okukhulu kwendlela yokuphefumula, nokucasula umgudu wokuphefumula.

Ukuze ulwe nezimpawu ezibangelwa ukuvezwa kwale nhlanganisela, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqale ubheke ubucayi bendaba, ngokwesibonelo kwesinye sezimo ezimbi kakhulu lapho umuntu othintekile ehlushwa ukuphefumula, kuyadingeka ukwenza ukuvuselelwa kwe-cardiopulmonary noma eyaziwa kangcono njenge-CPR, futhi ezimweni ezolile, umuntu othintekile kufanele ayiswe endaweni enomoya ohlanzekile, agcinwe ekushiseni okungaguquki futhi agcinwe ethule ngokuphelele.

Izingozi emehlweni

Ukuvezwa kwezitho ezibonakalayo kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu kubo, futhi ngokuzenzakalela empilweni ebonakalayo yomuntu, ngoba bangahlushwa ukuvuvukala esweni, ukucasuka kwamehlo nokucasuka kwamakhala, okungaholela ekwandeni kwesilonda samakhala, futhi ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu i-necrosis emehlweni, okusho ukuthi amaseli wezicubu zamehlo aqala ukonakala afe.

Ukuze welaphe izimpawu, noma ukuzichaya ku-hydrochloric acid, umuntu oveziwe kufanele aqale inqubo yokugeza amehlo ngamanzi amaningi, le nqubo kufanele ihlale okungenani imizuzu eyi-15. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukungayihlanganisi nhlobo i-chlorine, noma ukuvezwa kuyo ngemuva kwe-hydrochloric acid.

Izingozi zesikhumba

Isikhumba esibhekene nokuchayeka okuseduze noma okukude kungaholela ekucasukeni kwesikhumba, futhi ngisho nokusha okukhulu ezicubu zomzimba, kanye nezilonda.

Ukwelapha umuntu oke wahlaselwa yi-hydrochloric acid esikhumbeni, zonke izingubo kufanele zisikwe futhi zisuswe, okubandakanya amabhulukwe, amahembe, izicathulo, amasokisi, phakathi kwabanye, bese ugeza kahle indawo ethintekile okungenani imizuzu engama-20 .

Izingozi zokungenisa

Izingozi ezivame kakhulu ngemuva kokungeniswa kwalesi sakhi yi-gastritis, isisu se-edema, i-necrosis yezicubu zesisu nezitho eziseduze, i-hemorrhagic gastritis nokusha kwesisu.

Ukuze welaphe futhi usize umuntu oke wahlushwa ukuvezwa kwalolu hlobo, okungathiwa kubucayi kakhulu, ngoba kungena emzimbeni, wukwenza ukuthi aphuze amanzi amaningi, noma ubisi, futhi angalokothi , ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo kufanele kwenziwe ukuhlanza.