Igazi liyisicubu esivuselelekayo esiyingxenye yezinto eziphilayo, futhi amaseli ayingxenye yalesi sicubu akhiqizwa emnkantsheni wethambo ngokuqhubekayo. Njengoba sonke sazi, igazi lifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo, njengokuzivikela ezifweni, ukushintshaniswa kwegesi nokusatshalaliswa kwezakhi.
Ubuwazi ukuthi igazi lakhiwe iqoqo lamaseli kusisombululo se-colloidal? Yebo, igazi liqukethe ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana okwakhiwe ikakhulukazi ngamangqamuzana egazi amhlophe nabomvu, amiswe endaweni yoketshezi futhi enomsoco. Lesi sisebenzisi samanzi saziwa njenge-plasma yegazi.
Yize ngokuvamile sicabanga ngomqondo ngendlela yomhlaba wonke ngaphandle kokubheka izingxenye zawo ngokwehlukana, iqiniso ukuthi i-plasma ngokwayo iyinto efezekisa imisebenzi eminingi efanelekile ekusebenzeni komzimba.
Incazelo ye-plasma njengengxenye yegazi
I-plasma yegazi iwuketshezi olunosawoti, ophuzi noma obomvu ngombala, wobumbano oguqukayo, lapho kugxiliswa khona izinto ezibizwa ngokuthi "amafomu", okuyingxenye yeseli yegazi. Akuyona ingxenyenamba ewuketshezi kuphela yalolu ketshezi olubaluleke kakhulu, futhi yiyona eningi kakhulu, ngoba ingamaphesenti angama-55 omthamo wegazi ophelele.
Umsebenzi omkhulu wale ngxenye uku thutha izakhamzimba nodoti kusuka kuzinqubo ezibalulekile.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-plasma yegaziYakhiwe ngesisombululo esinamanzi, esinezinhlamvu ze-colloidal, esakhiwe ngamaphesenti angama-91 wamanzi, nokuqina okulengiswe kuwo. Kunqunywe ukuthi inesisindo esifana nesamanzi, yize iphakeme kancane, ngoba okuqinile okukhona, njengamaprotheni, kunomthelela ku-viscosity.
Ingxenye enkulu kakhulu encibilikisiwe yakhiwe ngamaprotheni (8%), phakathi kwawo esingabala amagama:
- AmaGlobulinZenziwe esibindi futhi zakha amasosha omzimba alwa nezifo ezithathelwanayo.
- I-Fibrinogen: Ukudlala indima ebalulekile ekujiyaneni, le protein iyingxenye ebalulekile yokwakheka kwe-plasma.
- Ama-albhamu: Zimelela ama-60% wamaprotheni e-plasma, njengoba lawo angaphambilini avela esibindini, futhi indima yawo ukuhambisa ama-lipids namahomoni e-steroid. Babikwa futhi ngokuba nesibopho ezinqubweni ezifana nengcindezi ye-oncotic, ebaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni ibhalansi kuketshezi olunisela izitho.
- AmaLipoprotein. Banomphumela wokubhafa, ukushintsha izinguquko ze-pH egazini.
Kubalulekile futhi ukusho lezo zingxenye ezakha ingxenye ephansi (iminonjana), eyi-1% kuphela yokwakhiwa okuphelele kwe-plasma, kepha kubalulekile ukuthi wazi: ama-carbohydrate, lipids, ama-hormone, ama-enzyme, i-urea, i-sodium, i-potassium ne-carbonates.
Isizinda sePlasma
Kujwayelekile ukudida i-plasma yegazi noketshezi lomthethosisekelo ohlukile obizwa nge-serum, ngoba zombili zivela ekugelezeni kwegazi, nokho, umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwalokhu okubili ukwakheka, ngoba i-plasma iyinxenye yegazi engamanzi ngaphandle kokujiya, , inomthethosisekelo onomsoco ngokwengeziwe, kuyilapho i-serum iyingxenye engamanzi yegazi elijiyile, ngaleyo ndlela inezinto ezinjenge-fibrinogen.
Lapho igazi likhishwa emithanjeni yegazi, lihlala isikhashana esimweni soketshezi; Ukuvimbela ama-clotting ukuthi angaveli, kuvamile ukuphendukela ekwengezeni izinto ze-anticoagulant ezifana ne-heparin, i-sodium citrate, ne-ethyldiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Ngemuva kwalokho, igazi elingagundi lihlukaniswe ngamasentimitha kusetshenziswa amashubhu eWintrobe, lapho amaseli azinza khona phansi kwephubhu.
Njengomkhiqizo wale nqubo, sibona izigaba ezintathu ezihlukanisiwe kushubhu: esisodwa esinombala we-amber ephansi (i-plasma) etholakala phezulu, maphakathi nendawo sithola isigaba esincane esimhlophe esenziwe ngama-platelet, ngezansi, isigaba seseli esinombala obanzi kakhulu ngombala.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-plasma
Emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezokwelapha, ososayensi basebenzise amandla okuzala we-plasma ekwelapheni izimo zesikhumba, ukusebenza kwawo njenge-clotting agent nakho kuvumele ukwenziwa kwezindlela zokwelapha zeziguli ezinamaphutha we-hematological, okuzivumele ukuthi zithuthukise ikhwalithi yazo sempilo, ngoba bekwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yabo yansuku zonke ngokujwayelekile.
Ama-Biotherapies: Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zisuselwa ekusetshenzisweni kwe-plasma yegazi ekwelapheni iziyaluyalu ze-coagulation ezifana ne-hemophilia kanye ne-primary immunodeficiency. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo futhi kunwetshelwe ekwelapheni ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa.
Inqubo yobuhle: I-plasma esikhunjeni ivuselela i-fibroblast, equkethe into ekhuthaza ukuqina kwayo, ngokuba ingxenye eyinhloko yesikhumba, okwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-hyaluronic acid, i-elastin ne-collagen, okubambezela ukuguga, futhi lokhu kubangela ukuncipha imibimbi, ukuxegiselwa, nokusetshenziswa kwayo ekwelapheni izimpawu ezelulekile nakho kusabalale. Ingasetshenziswa futhi ngokuvikela, esimweni sesikhumba esincane, noma njengokwelashwa kokuvuselela esikhunjeni esikhulile.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-plasma ecebile ngeplatelet inqubo ethile, okusho ukuthi kufanele ikhishwe egazini lesiguli, lokhu kwenzelwa ukunciphisa ubungozi bokungezwani komzimba nokwenqaba ukwelashwa. Kuyinqubo Kuyindlela engenabuhlungu futhi ephulukisa iziguli; kudingeka imizuzu engama-45 kuye kwengama-60.
Le ndawo ifaka nokusetshenziswa kwayo ekwelapheni ukulimala kwesikhumba okubangelwe ukusha.
Ukwelashwa kwe-knee osteoarthritis: Ukubheka isenzo sayo ekwehliseni ukuqina nokuvuselelwa koqwanga, kuye kwenziwa izindlela zokwelapha lapho ukusetshenziswa kwe-plasma yegazi kuye kwaduma kakhulu ekwelapheni i-osteoarthritis edolweni, kubhekwa ukuthi ukululama kuyathandwa ngamacala angafika kuma-73%.
Imisebenzi ye-plasma yegazi
Iningi lemisebenzi yalo lisuselwa esenzweni samaprotheni aqukethwe kulolu ketshezi. Ukuzibandakanya kwabo kuzinqubo eziningi zokubaluleka kwenhlangano kuchazwe ngezansi:
Ekuhlanganiseni: Ukujiya empeleni kuyindlela yokuzivikela emzimbeni, lapho ihlwili lakha isisindo esinyene, esiqinile esivimba imithambo yegazi ephukile. I-Plasma iyangenelela kule nqubo, ngoba inikela ngezinto ezintathu ezingena ngendlela ebalulekile, njenge-prothrombin, i-fibrinogen ne-calcium ions. Ngesikhathi se-coagulation, i-prothrombin ne-calcium ion (Ca ++) yakha i-thrombin, eyi-protein ebhekele ukuguqula i-fibrinogen (ngokubambisana ne-calcium) ibe yimicu e-insoluble fibrin, eyakha inethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu ebamba ama-erythrocyte nama-leukocyte, aqala lokho ubukhulu obukhulu be-fibrin namaseli egazi, abizwa ngokuthi ihlwili.
Ezokuthutha: Njengoba ivumela ukuhanjiswa kwezakhamzimba, amagesi kanye nokungcola okukhiqizwe kuzinqubo ze-metabolic kanye namaselula. Ngokuvamile, lo msebenzi wezokuthutha yiwo okhuthaza ukushintshaniswa kwezinto phakathi kwezitho.
Umsebenzi we-Electrochemical: Amaprotheni e-Plasma ayangena emvelweni, ngakho-ke agcinwa egumbini le-vascular, futhi lokhu kunomthelela oqondile ekucindezelweni kwe-osmotic. Lapho lawa maprotheni, angamamolekyu amakhulu, engahambisani nolwelwesi olungenakudlula, ubukhona bawo kule ndlela buguqula ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlayiya ze-ionic. Le mpahla inquma indima yayo kumthethonqubo we-electrolyte.
Ingcindezi Oncotic: Ukulondolozwa kwalolu hlobo lwengcindezi ye-hydrostatic, amaprotheni acwiliswe ku-plasma enza umphumela oqondile, njengoba kushiwo entweni edlule, kwingcindezi ye-osmotic.. Futhi lowo mphumela uhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokwenziwa kwala ma-molecule amakhulu emithanjeni yegazi. Amaprotheni enza ingcindezi, ngoba ukuhamba kwamanzi kwenzeka kushukunyiswa i-gradient, okungukuthi, iqondiswa isuka endaweni enamandla amakhulu iye kokuncane, ngakho-ke, amanzi emzimbeni womuntu ayohlala njalo eya endaweni lapho iyinhlanganisela ephakeme yento ethile encibilikisiwe.
Endabeni yamaprotheni aqukethwe ku-plasma, kuyenzeka ukuthi kube nokuxinana okuphezulu e-plasma yegazi kunakwisikhukhula samanzi (okuyiso esigeza amangqamuzana ezicubu), okwenza amanzi kuloluketshezi athambekele ukungena ukulawula ingcindezi yamanzi ezinhlangothini zombili zodonga lwe-capillary. Ngale ndlela, umthamo weplasma womuntu kanye nomthamo wegazi eliphelele womuntu uyagcinwa.