Le nhlanganisela isetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini zomhlaba kangangokuba nokusetshenziswa kwayo kunquma izinga lentuthuko yale ndawo emazweni. Izinga lokukhiqiza le-sulfuric acid liphakeme kakhulu, ngoba linezimfanelo eziningi ezikwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ekwenziweni nasekukhiqizweni kwezinto ezithile ezithandwa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Inezici ezenza ukuthi ibe namandla amakhulu angonakalisayo, yingakho inikezwa igama layo elifanele.
NgeNkathi Ephakathi lesi sakhi saziwa njenge uwoyela we-vitriol, ogama lakhe lanikezwa osokhemisi bangaleso sikhathi, cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX, lawa kwakungamakhulu eminyaka abaluleke kakhulu, ebhekisa ekutholeni nasekufundweni kwemisebenzi yawo.
Kunezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokuthola i-sulfuric acid, ekubeni inqubo yekamelo eliholayo eyindala kunazo zonke ukuthi nanamuhla kuvame kakhulu ukufakazela le nqubo, ngoba izimboni ezinkulu ezikhiqiza umanyolo ziyayisebenzisa ukwenza lula ukuthola okufanayo.
Izinqubo zokuthola le-asidi zingaba yingozi enkulu uma ungazazi kahle zonke izinyathelo okumele zaziwe ukuthi uzokwazi ukuzenza, ngoba zikhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu, bese kuthi nomzimba wakho ushise kakhulu, ngakho-ke Ukuqhuma kungadala ukusha okukhulu.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-acid sulfuric
Le yinhlanganisela esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, ngokuba imboni enamazinga aphezulu okusetshenziswa kwe-sulfuric acid abakhiqizi bomanyolo, isici esiqine kakhulu salokhu ukuthi iyinto edala kakhulu, futhi ifomula layo lamakhemikhali lingu-S2HO4.
I-Sulfuric acid yiyona ingxenye ngokukhiqizwa okuphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele, Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inezici ezithile ezivumela ukwandiswa kwemikhiqizo engenakubalwa etholakala kuyo, futhi futhi ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezinye izinto ezifana nama-acid nama-sulfates.
Ezikhathini zasendulo yayaziwa ngokuthi uwoyela noma umoya weVitriol, ngoba ivela kule minerali, imvamisa le nhlanganisela ingatholwa kwi-sulfur dioxide ngenqubo ebizwa nge-oxidation ne-nitrogen oxides ku-aqueous solution, ngemuva kokuyithola Kuyadingeka yenza ezinye izinqubo ukuze wandise ukugxila kwayo.
Ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen akule ngqamuzana axhunyaniswe nama-athomu amabili e-oksijeni, angahlanganiswa kabili nesibabule. Ngokuya ngesisombululo esikhona, la ma-hydrogens angahlukana.
I-molecule ye-asidi inesimo esikhethekile sephiramidi, esibonakala ngokuba ne-athomu yesibabule maphakathi, kuyilapho ama-athomu e-hydrogen engabonakala emakhoneni amane. Emanzini iziphatha njenge-asidi eqinile ekuhlukanisweni kwayo kokuqala, ithola umphumela i-hydrogen-sulfate anion, yize ekuhlukanisweni kwesibili ibonakala njenge-asidi ebuthakathaka, okuholela ku-sulfate anion.
Ukwakheka kwe-sulfuric acid
Lokhu kungatholakala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zezohwebo ngezethulo ezahlukahlukene, kusuka kokumsulwa, kuye kuzo zonke izinhlobo zenhlanganisela engaba khona etholakala kuyo, elinganiswa ngamazinga wobumsulwa.
Ukuze kwakhiwe i-acid ye-sulfuric acid, kuyadingeka ukuthi kudlule izinqubo ezithile ukuyithola, phakathi kwayo okwaziwa kakhulu, futhi okusetshenziswa kakhulu yilezo zekamelo lokuhola kanye nenqubo yokuxhumana, eyokuqala eshiwo yindlela endala ukuthola le nhlanganisela, futhi namuhla iyaqhubeka nokubaluleka nokusetshenziswa okukhulu, ikakhulukazi izimboni eziphethe ukukhiqiza omanyolo.
Kungenzeka ukuthola le nhlanganisela kumalabhorethri, lokhu kutholakala ngokudlulisa umfudlana wegesi yesulfure dioxide, kusisombululo se-hydrogen peroxide. Ukuhlungwa kwe-sulfuric acid ngale nqubo yokukhiqiza kutholakala ngokuhwamuka kwamanzi.
Inqubo yokuxhumana
Kule nqubo yokuthola i-sulfuric acid, kungabonakala inhlanganisela yamagesi equkethe cishe amaphesenti ayisikhombisa kuya kwayishumi e-SO2 , ngokusho komthombo wokukhiqizwa kwayo, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaphesenti aphakathi kuka-11 no-13 afudunyezwa kusengaphambili, futhi uma nje esehlanzwe kakhulu, angadluliselwa kumguquli wombhede owodwa noma mhlawumbe owengeziwe, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi platinum, lapho ukwakheka kwe-SO kungabonakala khona3 imvamisa kusetshenziswa abaguquleli ababili noma ngaphezulu kule nqubo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwale nhlanganisela ngokushisa kwesibabule okuyisisekelo kuvame ukwethula ibhalansi yamandla engcono, okungadingeki ukuthi ijwayele ezinye izindlela zokuhlanzwa eziqinile, okuthi kwezinye izimo le nqubo iphoqelelwe.
Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe- SO ukukhiqiza2 ngokushisa isibabulee, nangolunye uhlobo olwaziwa ngokuthi ukosa ama-pyrite, ikakhulukazi uma lawa eyingqophamlando, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi eyesibili ishiya ukungcola okuningi emphumela wokugcina okungenakususwa ngokuphelele.
Esitshalweni esisebenza ngokujwayelekile ukusebenza kokuguqulwa kwe-SO2 kuya ku-SO3 amabanga kusuka ku- I-96% ne-97%, ngoba ukusebenza kwayo kwehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo mphumela ungabonwa kaningi ezitshalweni lapho kusetshenziswa ama-pyrites anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-arsenic, okungenakukwazi ukuqeda ngokuphelele i-compound, ngakho-ke kuhambisana namagesi ahlangabezana ne-catalysis inqubo, edala ubuthi be-catalyst, lokhu kuyimbangela enkulu yokwehla okungazelelwe kokusebenza.
Kumshintshi wesibili amagesi anesikhathi sokuhlala cishe imizuzwana emi-2 kuye kwengu-4, futhi kulokhu izinga lokushisa kufanele lijwayele phakathi kwama-500 nama-600 degrees Celsius ukufeza ukulingana okuhle kakhulu ukufeza ukuguqulwa okuphezulu ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu.
Ngemuva kwenqubo yangaphambilini, amagesi aqhamuka ku-catalysis apholile ashisa asondele ku-100º degrees Celsius, ukudlula embhoshongweni we-oleum, ngenxa yalokhu, ukumuncwa okungaphelele, kepha okuyingxenye ye-SO kuyatholakala.3Amagesi asele avela kulokhu adlula embhoshongweni wesibili lapho inhlanganisela ihlanzwa khona futhi igezwe nge-sulfuric acid. Ngemuva kokuthi zonke lezi zinyathelo seziqediwe, amagesi asele aqedwa ngoshimula angene e-stratosphere.
Inqubo Yokuhola Igumbi
Le nqubo ethile endala kunazo zonke ezaziwa lapho kwenziwa khona futhi kutholakale i-sulfuric acid, lapho i-SO3 gaseous ingena kusiphenduli esaziwa ngegama le- umbhoshongo wegilavu lapho ingena khona ngenqubo yokuwasha nge-nitrous vitriol, eyi-sulfuric acid ene-nitrous oxide ne-carbon dioxide izinhlayiya ezincibilika kuyo, yona yona exutshwe nezinhlobo ezimbili ze-nitrogen oxide, (NO) kanye ne- (IV). Ingxenye enkulu ye-sulfur oxide IV esetshenziswe lapha ixhunyaniswe ne-sulfur oxide VI futhi yahlakazeka kubhavu we-asidi ukwakha i-acid tower, isici sombhoshongo weGlover.
Ngemuva kokuthi izingxube zegesi zidlule embhoshongweni weGlover, ziyiswa egumbini eligcwele umthofu (yingakho igama lazo) lapho ziphathwa khona ngamanzi amaningi, anokuma okuhlukile, ngokuya ngemibandela yomkhiqizi, phakathi kwawo okuvame kakhulu isikwele noma lezo ezinomumo ofana nowesigaxa.
I-Sulphuric acid ifingqiwe ezindongeni, yakhiwa ngochungechunge lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo futhi iqoqwe phansi egumbini elinamanzi aholayo, imvamisa ukuba khona kwamakamelo aphakathi kwama-3 kuye kwayi-6 ngokulandelana kungabonakala, umkhiqizo wokugcina otholwe kumagumbi athi kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-chamber acid, noma ngokuvamile kakhulu njenge-acid yomanyolo.
Esigabeni sokugcina sale nqubo, amagesi adluliselwa kwesinye isiphenduli esibizwa ngokuthi yiGay-Lussac tower, lapho ukuwasha okuqhubekayo kuqala khona ngama-acid agxilile nabandayo, aqhamuka embhoshongweni weGlover, ukuqeda amagesi angenakucutshungulwa ikhishwe emkhathini.
Umlando we-sulfuric acid
Ukuqala kwayo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho esikhundleni sososayensi, osokhemisi kwakulabo abazama izinto ezitholwe emhlabeni, ikakhulu ezemvelo, yize abanye bekwazile ukwenza izinto ezifana noJabirú Ibn Hayyan, owayengumbonisi we-sulfuric acid okokuqala ngekhulu lesishiyagalombili bese kuthi emakhulwini eminyaka alandelayo kufundwe ngokujula, ngoba babebone izimfanelo zayo ezinhle, kanye nokusetshenziswa okungenzeka okubeka ithuba lokukhiqiza izinto ezintsha nemikhiqizo, inqubo enqunyiwe ikwazile ukuthandwa ngalezo zikhathi ukwelashwa nezincwadi zama-Arabhu namaPheresiya, ngenxa yocwaningo olwenziwe ngabalimi bama-alchemist baseYurophu ngekhulu leshumi nantathu.
EYurophu ngalezo zikhathi, enkathini yangenkathi ephakathi, i-sulfuric acid yaziwa njenge-vitriol, noma i-vitriol compound, njenge-vitriol yotshwala noma i-vitriol oil, ngoba ikhona kule mineral. Igama vitriol livela ku-Latin vitreus, ebhekisa kosawoti be-sulphate, futhi ukuhunyushwa kwayo ngeSpanishi kungaba yi-crystal.
Le ngxenye kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo yabonakala inesasasa elikhulu phakathi kososayensi bamakhemikhali, kangangoba yaze yazama ukusetshenziswa njengetshe lefilosofi, yize phakathi kokusebenzisa kwayo okujwayelekile kwakukwenza izinto zisabele.
UJohann Glauber wayengusokhemisi waseJalimane onozalo lwaseDashi okwazile ukuthola i-sulfuric acid, noma i-vitriol, ngenqubo isibabule esivuthayo ne-potassium nitrate lapho kukhona umhwamuko wamanzi. Lokhu bekungenxa yokuthi ngenkathi i-potassium nitrate ibola, bekukwazi ukubona ukuthi isulfure ixhunywe kanjani ku-SO3 ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lapho uyihlanganisa namanzi kungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale i-compound. Lokhu kube yindlela enhle yokumaketha i-sulfuric acid, ngoba bekulula ukukhiqiza ngobuningi.
Esikhathini esiseduze cishe ngonyaka we-1746, kwaqala ukusetshenziswa indlela yegumbi elinamanzi aholayo, ebilondolozeka kakhulu futhi ilula kuneGlauber, futhi ekugcineni lokhu kwazinzisa imboni ekukhiqizeni le nhlanganisela. emhlabeni jikelele.
Izinga lokuhlushwa laliphansi kakhulu cishe ngama-40%, kepha lokhu kwathuthukiswa ngezifundo zezici zekhompiyutha, kwafezeka ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo emisha eyayidinga ukugxila okuphezulu, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abanye bososayensi babethembele emikhubeni yakudala ye ukuthola ama-alchemists, impela ekushisweni kwama-pyrites.
Kwathi ngo-1831 umdayisi uviniga wakwazi ukwenza inqubo esimeme kakhulu kunaleyo eyedlule, ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi ezazifanele ukukwenza, okubizwa ngokuthi inqubo yokuxhumana, lokhu kwaziwa ngokuba nokuningi ukuphakelwa kwe-acid sulfuric.
Izicelo zeSulphuric acid kanye nokuvinjelwa
Lapho zonke izici nomlando wokuthi le nhlanganisela yatholwa kanjani okokuqala kwaziwa, kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezivame kakhulu, kanye nezinyathelo okufanele zithathwe, ngoba iningi lalezi zinqubo ukufudumeza le nto kangangokuba kungashisa umuntu kanzima.
Izicelo ezivame kakhulu
- Abanye izinqubo zezimboni ezenza imikhiqizo yezinkuni neyephepha idinga i-sulfuric acid kuyo, kanye nemikhiqizo yendwangu.
- Ezimbonini zokukhiqiza umanyolo, ukusetshenziswa okukhulu nokufunwa kwale nhlanganisela kuyaphawulwa, ngoba izingxenye zayo zisebenza kakhulu ekwandisweni kwalezi zinto, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isebenza njengomanyolo wemvelo.
- Ezimweni eziningi le nhlanganisela isetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe, yize kungabonakali kakhulu kumkhiqizo wokugcina.
- Phakathi kwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ukucwengisiswa kukaphethiloli, ukwelashwa ngensimbi, ukukhiqizwa kombala, iziqhumane, amapulasitiki, imicu, okokuhlanza, nokukhishwa kwensimbi okungeyona eyensimbi.
- Isebenza njengendlela yokwelapha izinsimbi ezahlukahlukene ezinjengensimbi, ithusi, i-vanadium, phakathi kokunye.
- Kwamanye amazwe ukusetshenziswa kwayo kugadwa kakhulu yizinhlangano ezingokomthetho wokuvikelwa kwezempilo.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuqonde kakhulu, okusho ukuthi, kukhiqizwa isalfure, efakwa nge-organic sulfurization, inqubo yayo ikakhulukazi ezimbonini zokuhlanza.
Ukuqapha
Izinqubo zokukhiqiza ze-sulfuric acid zingaba yingozi ngempela ngoba iningi, uma kungenjalo konke, isakhi sishiswa ngamazinga okushisa ashubile, ngakho-ke kufanele njalo kubhekwe ukuthi kufanele ithelwe emanzini, futhi ingalokothi ibe ngenye indlela , njengoba kungadala ukusaphazeka okunolaka okungadala ukusha okukhulu kwesikhumba.