Yayiyini iminikelo kaGalileo Galilei?

Iminikelo ye- UGalileo Galilei zazibaluleke ngempela ekuthuthukiseni i-physics, isayensi yezinkanyezi nesayensi jikelele; ngoba nalokhu kubhekwa njengobaba wesayensi, okwakuthi ngokwezifundo kwakungu- i-physicist, unjiniyela, isazi sezibalo, isazi sezinkanyezi nefilosofi owazalelwa e-Italy ngoFebhuwari 15, 1564.

UGalileo wayeyindoda eyiKhatholika ngokusho kwenhlangano yamaRenaissance, eyayingakhathalele nje kuphela imikhakha yesayensi, kepha futhi nezinkulumo zobuciko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubhekwa ukuthi lokhu bekuyisisekelo senguquko kwezesayensi, ngoba yaphikisana nemibono yasendulo yesayensi nenkolo; lapho owokugcina ayeyimbangela yokuvalelwa kwakhe nokufa kwakhe okwalandela, ngoba yize ayengumKatolika lokhu kwakungeyona inkinga kuye kanye nomfanekiso wakhe waseCopernican wendawo yonke.

Umnikelo kumbono weCopernican

Ezikhathini zasendulo, kudala ngaphambi kukaGalileo, kwakucatshangwa nje ukuthi uNkulunkulu udale uMkhathi ngakho-ke abacwaningi babecabanga ukutadisha lokho okukuwo. Ngokombono ka-Aristotle noPtolemy, ngokuhlangana neSonto lamaKhatholika, umhlaba wawuseCentre of the Universe futhi yize lokho kungazange kuchaze zonke izenzakalo ezabonwa ngabafundi, kwakuyinkolelo evumelekile kwaze kwafika UCopernicus, uGalileo, uJohannes Kepler noTycho IBrahe.

UGalileo unikele kumqondo kaCopernican (Amaplanethi azungeza ilanga) ukutholwa okwethulwe yisibonakude sakhe esasisanda kuthuthukiswa, njengokubona akwenza ngeNyanga, iJupiter, iVenus, ngisho nelanga. Okumsizile ukuthi akhe umbhalo ochaza ukuthi indawo yonke isebenza kanjani nokuthi iyiphi indawo yomhlaba okuyo.

Izinguquko zesayensi

Enye yeminikelo ye- UGalileo Galilei Okugqame kakhulu isimo sakhe sengqondo ngeSonto LamaKatolika lokufuna ukuqhubekela phambili futhi akhombise ukuthi imodeli noma umbono owawutholakala nge-Universe wawungalungile, noma ngabe wawuzobiza malini.

Lokhu, kanye nokuboshwa kwakhe, kwasiza indlela yokuthi abanye ososayensi bajoyine futhi bahlukane neSonto LamaKatolika, bakhiqiza inguquko yesayensi eyavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi ngejubane elikhulu kakhulu kunangezikhathi zangaphambilini; isizathu sokuthi kungani ngesikhathi esifushane sikwazile ukufika lapho sikhona namhlanje. Ngakho-ke, umnikelo kaGalileo Galilei emhlabeni wanamuhla mkhulu kunabo bonke.

Izincwadi zikaGalileo Galilei

Eminyakeni yokuphila kukaGalileo, washicilela uchungechunge lwezincwadi ezikhuluma ngemikhakha ehlukene, njenge-physics noma i-astronomy. Phakathi kwazo singathola i- "The Sidereal Messenger" kusuka ngo-1610, "Ukusebenza kwekhampasi yejometri neyempi" kusuka ngo-1604, "Ingxoxo ngezinto ezintanta emanzini" kusuka ngo-1612, "Izingxoxo ngezinhlelo ezimbili ezinkulu zomhlaba" kusuka 1631 ne- "Two new sciences" yango-1638.

• Isithunywa esiseceleni kumayelana nokutholwe ngusosayensi mayelana nenyanga.
• Ukusebenza kwekhampasi yejometri neyezempi Kwakuqukethe incazelo yososayensi yezivivinyo nezicelo ezizosetshenziswa emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe.
• Incwadi ka inkulumo ngezinto ezintantayo emanzini, Kunalokho, kwakuqukethe uphenyo olwalufuna ukuqinisekisa umbono ka-Aristotle, olwaluyiqiniso.
• Izingxoxo ngezinhlelo ezimbili ezinkulu emhlabeni, Kwakumayelana nemibono eyehlukene ngemibono yoMkhathi wesikhathi; ikakhulukazi zazintathu, inkolelo kaCopernican, eyodwa eyayingakholelwa kuyo naleyo engakhethi. Incwadi iba nomuntu ngomqondo ngamunye.
• Ekugcineni Isayensi ezimbili ezintsha kuhloswe ukwenza isifinyezo mayelana nesayensi yokunyakaza namandla, okwakuyingxenye ye- Iminikelo kaGalileo Galilei ku-physics.

Umthetho wokunyakaza

Umthetho wokuqala wokunyakaza kaNewton kwaba yinto efundwe nguGalileo, owayeqonda ukuthi izidumbu zingashesha ngesilinganiso esifanayo kungakhathalekile ubukhulu bazo noma ubukhulu bazo; ngakho ukunyakaza kwakumayelana nejubane nokuqondiswa komzimba kuphela.

Ngokusho kukaGalileo, le nhlangano yenziwa ngenxa “yamandla” nokuthi uma lokhu kungeyona ingxenye yohlelo, umzimba uzobe “uphumulile”. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphethe nokuthi izinto ziyakwazi ukumelana nezinguquko ekuhambeni kwazo, ngakho-ke wathola "inertia."

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesibonakude

Yize le ndoda ingazange isungule isibonakude, yakwazi ukuyithuthukisa kakhulu. Ngaleyo minyaka, kwase kunesibonakude esasikwazi ukukhulisa kathathu, kepha uGalileo wakwazi ukulungisa amalensi ukuze azuze ukukhulisa okuphindwe kathathu.

Isibonakude sokuqala saba sematheni ngo-1609 kwathi ngemuva konyaka nje, lo sosayensi wayesenze izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamashumi ayisihlanu (hhayi zonke ezisebenzayo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi faka isithombe esidluliswa yile nsimbi, ngoba phambilini sasibonwa siphenjiwe.

Iziphuphutheki zeSaturn

Iminikelo kaGalileo yayihluke kakhulu, ngoba kulokhu wabheka iziphuphutheki zeJupiter (wazibona okokuqala ngoJanuwari 1610) ngesibonakude sakhe, ekholelwa ukuthi lezi kwakuyizinkanyezi ekuqaleni kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi waqonda ukuthi zaziziphuphutheki zakhona. lapho besondelene nomhlaba, bahamba ngokushesha okukhulu.

Izigaba zeVenus

Kwakusekuqaleni kwawo-1600s lapho uGalileo Galiei ethola izigaba zeVenus. Iqiniso ukuthi wayesezibonile izinkanyezi kanye noJupiter noma uSaturn. Kodwa-ke, kuleli cala ukwazile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kunezigaba ezilandelanayo eziqondane nalezo zenyanga. Ngale ndlela, kungenye yeminikelo emikhulu kaGalileo selokhu baqinisekisa, futhi Umbono weCopernican. Iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-1500, inkolelo-mbono yayikholelwa ukuthi ilanga, amaplanethi nenyanga yizo lezo ezazizungeza umhlaba. Ngakho-ke lapho kutholakala izigaba zeVenus, kwabonakala ukuthi konke okwakucatshangwa kwakungahambisani nalokhu okutholakele.

Izinyanga zikaJupiter

Izinyanga ezibizwa ngokuthi yizinyanga zikaJupiter zatholwa ngo-1610 kanti futhi nguGalileo Galilei. Kwakuyiziphuphutheki ezine ezinkulu kunazo zonke kule planethi: Io, Europa, Ganymede noCallisto. Yize ekuqaleni ebabeke ngezinombolo. UGalileo wabona amaphuzu amathathu kwathi ngakusasa wathola ukuthi ayemane. Babengenakuba yizinkanyezi ngoba babezungeza kubo.

Izikhala zelanga

Ama-sunspots ngalesosikhathi acwaningwa inqwaba yososayensi nabaphenyi, ngakho-ke lokhu kunikezwa kunikezwe uGalileo ngokungeyikho ngoba wasebenzisa okwatholwa abanye ososayensi ukubabonisa futhi ngaleyo ndlela wathola ukuthandwa nokuhlonishwa ngamakhosi.

Kodwa-ke, naye waba nesandla ocwaningweni lwabo, olwahlangana nolunye uphenyo olwamvumela ukuthi aqinise inkolelo-mbono yeCopernican, ngoba la mabala ayeyinkomba yokuthi umhlaba uzungeza ilanga.

I-pendulum

Okunye ukunikela kukaGalileo Galilei kwakuyi-pendulum, kusukela lapho eseyinsizwa waqaphela izinsimbi zePisa Cathedral nokuthi zazikhathaza kanjani ngenxa yokunyakaza okwenziwa yimisinga yomoya.

Wadala ngo-1583 futhi ngokuhlola ukushaya ngamandla wakwazi ukuthola “umthetho we-pendulum”. Okuyisimiso esisasetshenziswa nanamuhla, esisho ukuthi ngaphandle kwebanga i-pendulum eliqhela kuleso silinganiso salo, alihlukile ekushoneni kwalo.

Izifundo zenyanga

I-Los Ucwaningo lwenyanga lukaGalileo Galilei Bangomunye weminikelo yakhe evelele kwezesayensi yezinkanyezi nesayensi jikelele, ngoba ukunyakaza kwayo nezici zayo kwakuyizinto ezifundwayo. Ngakho-ke umbono wokuthi isathelayithi yethu yayinemvelo efanayo yazalwa (wabona izintaba nemigodi ekuyo), okwamnika isizathu esithe xaxa sokukholelwa kumqondo kaCopernican.

Ithermoskophu

Phakathi kwezinto eziqhamuke kakhulu sithola i-thermoscope, ngoba yayingeyokuqala yalolu hlobo nalokhu wakhonza ekwakheni izinga lokushisa lokho esikwaziyo namuhla. Ukusungulwa kwenziwa ngo-1592, lapho uGalileo esebenzisa ingilazi encane yamanzi enamathiselwe epayipini eyayinebhola lengilazi elingenalutho ekugcineni. Lokhu kusebenze ngokuya ngamazinga okushisa nengcindezi, ngoba umphumela ungatholwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwalezi zinto zombili.

Yize i-thermoscope ibingenawo amandla wokunikeza isilinganiso ngqo mayelana nezinga lokushisa, ingakhombisa izinguquko ezifanayo; Ngakho-ke yize kungahle kungabonakali njengokuyinto enkulu namuhla, ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukutholwa okusha okwakuvumela ukwakhiwa kwezinsimbi zokulinganisa zeminyaka edlule.

Indlela yesayensi

UGalileo Galilei naye ubhekwa njenge- ubaba wendlela yesayensi, ayethule ngesikhathi sokulondolozwa kwenkolo yamaKatolika futhi nayo eyayingenabo ubudlelwano nemibono ka-Aristotle.

Lokhu kutholakala kwenziwa lapho uGalileo esebenzisa ubufakazi bezibalo kokunye akutholile noma ekuphenyweni kwakhe; othathwa njengethuluzi lokucwaninga. Ngaphandle kokungakusho (kunokungabaza ngokuthi kungani), lokhu kwenzelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwamuva kwesayensi.

Amasongo kaSaturn

Wayengusonkanyezi wokuqala ukubona uSaturn evela eMhlabeni. Ephenya, wathola okuthile okwamdonsa amehlo. Kwakungelutho ngaphandle kwezindandatho zikaSaturn. Yize mhlawumbe iqiniso elinjalo kungelona umnikelo wokugqamisa, kufanelekile ukukusho.

Umthetho Wokuwa

Nakulokhu emkhakheni we-physics, lo sosayensi wenza okusha ngokukhombisa ukuthi amandla abangela ukushesha hhayi ijubane njengoba u-Aristotle asho endulo; okwamvumela ukuthi aqonde ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi angamandla ahlala njalo nokuthi aveza umphumela wokusheshisa njalo emizimbeni ewela phansi.

Iminikelo kaGalileo Galilei ayigcini nje ngokuba yisikhathi ayekuso, kepha futhi yasebenza njengesisekelo sokuthuthuka kwesayensi kusuka kulelo khulu leminyaka kuze kube manje. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kungumlingiswa emlandweni okunzima ukukhohlwa, ngoba wanikela yonke iminyaka yokuphila kwakhe kulokhu okutholakele okubaluleke kakhulu emphakathini wanamuhla nakwisayensi.