U-Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier uthathwa njengomsunguli wamakhemikhali anamuhla, ezifundweni zakhe neminikelo yakhe kuze kube namuhla isasebenziseka kusayensi, njengezifundo zakhe nge-photosynthesis, amandla omlilo, umthetho wokongiwa kwemisa, i-caloric theory, ukuphefumula kwezilwane abanye abaningi.
Wayengusokhemisi wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo futhi futhi waba ngusomnotho odumile waseFrance ngesikhathi sakhe, owaqala wenza iziqu zomthetho, ukuze kamuva athole uthando ayenalo kwezesayensi yemvelo, okuyizona ezamenza waziwa, njengomanduleli wekhemistri.
Uthole ukuhlonishwa okuningana, okubandakanya phakathi nentaba-mlilo iLavoisier, enegama lakhe lokukhumbula, ne-asteroid 6826 nayo enegama lakhe, futhi lokhu kubonakala nasemagameni angama-72 ososayensi eMbhoshongweni odumile i-Eiffel.
Wayenezincwadi eziningana ezibalulekile ezifana nezindlela zamakhemikhali ngonyaka we-1787, owawuthathwa njengendlela entsha yokuqokwa kwamagama, ngenxa yeminikelo yawo emikhulu.
Wabuye washintsha indlela yokucabanga kwezinto ezithile ezindabeni zamakhemikhali, njengamanzi, wonke umuntu ayecabanga ukuthi iyinto ethile, kepha wakhombisa ukuthi iyinhlanganisela.
Umlando ka-Antoine Lavoisier
Ngaphambi kokwazi ukuthi yimiphi iminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu kaLavoisier, kuyadingeka ukuthi ube nombono wokuthi wafika kanjani kubo, owaphila futhi naye wamholela kuleyo ndlela.
U-Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier, owazalwa ngo-Agasti 26, 1743 eParis / eFrance, wabhekwa njengomsunguli wamakhemikhali wanamuhla, ngoba wawuhlanganisa, ngenxa yalokhu wabhekwa njengomunye walabo ababambe iqhaza ekuguqulweni kwesayensi, kanye nokutholwa kwakhe okukhulu nokutholakele kwakhe .
Ngesikhathi esemncane eneminyaka eyi-11 waqala ukufunda esikoleni esiphakeme, i-College of the Four Nations, ngo-1754, engomunye wabafundi abenza kahle kakhulu kwezesayensi yemvelo, ngenxa yezipho zakhe zemvelo, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye wafunda ezomthetho, kwazise uyise wayengummeli obalulekile wangaleso sikhathi, futhi wakucela lokho.
Eminyakeni engama-28 ubudala, wanquma ukushada noMiss Marie Ann Pierrette Paulze, indodakazi yomunye wabanikazi ababalulekile be-ferme genérale, okwakuyimvume kahulumeni yokuqoqwa kwentela, lapho kwakusebenza khona uLavoisier, lokhu kwakungunyaka we-1771.
Wayephethe izikhundla ezibaluleke kakhulu empilweni yakhe yonke, wayeyilungu le-Academy of Sciences ngo-1768, umqondisi wombuso wemisebenzi yokwakhiwa kwesibhamu ngo-1776, ngo-1789 wayeyingxenye yekhomishini yokusungula uhlelo olufanayo lwezisindo, kwathi ngo-1791 waba ukhomishani wezezimali, okwaholela ekutheni azame ukwethula ezinye izinguquko kohlelo lwezezimali nezentela eParis, kanye nezindlela zokukhiqiza kwezolimo.
Ngonyaka we-1793 esikhundleni sakhe sokuba ngukhomishani wezezimali, wasebenza ekuqoqweni kweminikelo, ngakho-ke uhulumeni okhona unquma ukumbamba, ngasikhathi sinye, bonke abangane bakhe bazama ukumsiza ngokukhombisa amagalelo abo kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, kodwa umthetho awusebenzanga wayengayeka nje ukusebenzelana nososayensi, ngakho ngonyaka olandelayo u-1794, wagwetshwa wagawulwa ikhanda, wafa enqunywa ikhanda phambi kukahulumeni.
Ngo-1795 kwavela uhulumeni omusha waseFrance, okwathi ngemuva kophenyo oluthile lwabona ukuthi u-Antoine Lavoisier ubulewe, ngemuva kwesigwebo esingelona iqiniso, bathumelela umfelokazi owayesengumfelokazi uMarie Ann manje incwadi eyayichaza ngokwenzekile.
Iminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu yeLavoisier
U-Lavoisier wayengusokhemisi omkhulu wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo wesikhathi sakhe, noma wayengomunye owayehambisana kakhulu nocwaningo lwamakhemikhali, owayeneminikelo eyashintsha indlela yokucabanga kososayensi abaningi, ukuthi nanamuhla ukutholwa kwakhe kusadingeka ngokuphelele ekuthuthukiseni le sayensi .
Phakathi kweminikelo efanelekile ka-Antoine Laurent Lavoisier kukhona okulandelayo:
Umthetho weLomonosov-Lavoisier
Waziwa kangcono njengomthetho wokongiwa kwesisindo, omunye wemithetho ebaluleke kunazo zonke ezake zatholwa yisayensi yemvelo, ikakhulukazi eyachazwa nguMnu. Mikhail Lomonosov ngo-1748 yase igcwaliswa ngu-Antoine Lavoisier ngo-1785.
Isisindo esidliwe samakhemikhali silingana nobunzima obutholwe emikhiqizweni, lokhu kusho ukuthi ekuphenduleni okujwayelekile kwamakhemikhali ubukhulu buhlala buhlala bunjalo, ngakho-ke abuguquki, ngaphandle kokuthintana okuncane nokuphendula kwenuzi lapho ubukhulu bayo buvame ukuba buncane kushintshiwe.
Umbono wokushisa
Ukushisa ngomlilo kwakungezinye zezinkinga eziyinhloko zamakhemikhali ngaleso sikhathi, ngoba kwakucatshangwa ukuthi lapho umlilo uvutha, i-phlogiston yakhipha i-phlogiston, lapho uLavoisier ephenywa kanzima ngayo, wabona ukuthi into ebaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi yokwenza umlilo umoya, owawuyinhlanganisela yamagesi amabili, i-oxygen ne-hydrogen.
Abaxhasi bomqondo we-phlogiston bakholelwa ukuthi ngokubalwa kwensimbi, yathola isisindo esikhulu, ngoba bathole i-phlogiston kuzo, kodwa uLavoisier wakufakazela okuphambene nokushisa insimbi esitsheni esivaliwe, esilinganiswa ngaphambi nangemva kwenqubo.
Ukuphefumula kwezilwane
Lokhu kube ngomunye weminikelo kaLavoisier edale impikiswano enkulu phakathi kososayensi, ngoba uphakamise ukuthi umoya ohogelwayo ushiswe emaphashini bese ushiywa njenge-carbon dioxide, ngokusobala.
Ukuqinisekisa lokhu, ukhiye ingulube yeginea esitsheni esine-oxygen, waqala ukukala inani le-oxygen eyidlile, namanani ekhabhoni ayikhiqize. Lokhu kutholakala kwakubalulekile ekutadisheni ubudlelwano phakathi kwezitshalo nezilwane, futhi ukuze kunqunywe inani lomoya-mpilo odliwayo ekusebenzeni komzimba, nasendaweni yokuphumula.
Umbono wekhalori
Ngophenyo olunzulu oluholele ekuvivinyweni komlilo okwenziwe nguLavoisier, bekungenzeka futhi ukuthi kube khona ubukhona bezinhlayiya ze-caloric ngesikhathi sokwenza lokho, yingakho kunqunywe ukuthi ngisho isenzo sokuphefumula siyisishisi- i-ejenti ekhiqizayo.
Wabe eseqinisekisa ukuthi yonke into ehlobene nokushisa ayinayo noma ayishintshi isisindo sayo noma isisindo sayo, lokhu kungabonwa lapho kukhanyiswa umentshisi futhi kuqaphela ukuthi alukho ushintsho kuwo, ngemuva kokukhanyiswa.
Amanzi njengenhlanganisela
Ngaphambi kokuba uLavoisier anqume ukuthi amanzi ayinhlanganisela phakathi kwe-hydrogen ne-oxygen, kwakukholakala ukuthi amanzi ayinto, ngoba izifundo ezidingekayo zazingazange zenziwe kuwo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi yakhiwa yi-85% yomoya-mpilo kanye ne-15% kuphela i-hydrogen.
Lo mnikelo kaLavoisier uyiguqule ngokuphelele indlela yokubona amanzi, ngoba phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi yinto elula, ngakho-ke wakhombisa ukuthi yakhiwa ezimbili zalezi.
Umnikelo ku-photosynthesis
Ngenxa yezifundo zakhe zomlilo, kwanqunywa ukuthi uketshezi komoya-mpilo ekudleni kukhiqize umoya ongaguquguquki owaziwa kangcono njenge-carbon dioxide, okwakuyinto izitshalo ezazisebenzisa ukwenza inqubo yazo yokuphefumula, lokhu kusuka ngonyaka we-1772.
Incwadi yokuqala yamakhemikhali
Wayengumbhali wencwadi yokuqala yamakhemikhali, eveza emsebenzini wakhe konke okuphathelene nale sayensi, idatha yamanje kakhulu futhi efanele kakhulu, izivivinyo nemiphumela yazo, amagama ezakhi zezakhi, ukwakheka kwawo, phakathi kwezinye izinto eziningi.
Ithebula lezikhathi zamakhemikhali
ILavoisier idale uhlu lwezakhi nokuthi zaqanjwa kanjani, ngaleyo ndlela yakha i-chemistry yanamuhla, ngenxa yalo lonke ulwazi eyalunikeza udaba, yazichaza njengezinto ezingenakubola, lezi okuyizinto eziyisisekelo kakhulu.
Lo mnikelo ovela eLavoisier uyaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa nanamuhla, uze ufundiswe ngisho nasezikoleni, ukuze abafundi bakwazi ukuphatha kalula ukuthi yini ehlanganiswa ngamakhemikhali.
Uhlelo lweMetric
Ngisebenza ngokubambisana nezazi zezibalo eziningana, ezaveza uhlelo lokulinganisa, eFrance Academy of Sciences, eyakwazi ukuqopha ukufana ngokwezilinganiso kuzo zonke izindawo eFrance, kamuva ezasabalala emhlabeni wonke.
Kwakuneminikelo eminingi evela kuLavoisier, yonke ibaluleke kakhulu futhi ihambisana nomlando wesayensi kanye nokufundwa kwemvelo, konke lokhu akuthole ngokubonga ngezipho zakhe ezinkulu zobuhlakani nokusebenza kwakhe kanzima empilweni yakhe yonke.
Ukwazile ukuguqula umhlaba wamakhemikhali wawabeka ezingeni lokuthi izindlela zakhe eziseneminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu zisasetshenziswa nanamuhla.
Amaqanda