Imodeli ye-athomu iyindlela ye- bamele ukwakheka kwama-athomu, yona ezama ukuchaza indlela abaziphatha ngayo kanye nezakhiwo zabo, kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, kube neziningana zalezi zinhlobo, kodwa isazi sefilosofi sokuqala ukubeka omunye walaba kwakunguDemocritus, owayebheka i-athomu njenge inhlayiya encane kunazo zonke yento, eyayingahlukaniseki futhi ingenakonakala.
Waziwa njengesazi sefilosofi esihlekisayo, ngenxa yokuthi ezithombeni zakhe eziningi utholakala emamatheka kakhulu, wayeyisazi sezibalo, futhi eyisazi sefilosofi esingumGreki esasiphila ngaphambi kweSokrasi owayehlala phakathi kuka-460 no-370 BC afakwa phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC.
Ngubani uDemocritus?
Ngesikhathi sakhe wayaziwa ngegama lesidlaliso njengoMilesa no-Abderita, owazalelwa edolobheni lase-Abdera (eThrace) idolobha lamaphoyisa aseGrisi enyakatho yomlomo womfula iNestos, owawuseduze nesiqhingi saseThasos, igama elithi Democritus lihumusha eSpanish njengokhethwe ngabantu, wazalwa ngo-460 BC, futhi waqala ukufundela umsebenzi wakhe ngesikhathi sempi yezokwelapha namaGreki, lapho afunda khona ngemfundiso yenkolo nokufundwa kwezinkanyezi, esemncane kakhulu.
Ngaphandle kokuthi wayephila ngesikhathi esifanayo noSocrates, uthathwa njengesazi sefilosofi sangaphambi kweSocrates, okuyiphutha eliphelele, yize wayenengqikithi ye-physis, kuyilapho uSocrates elandela isitayela sokuziphatha-sezepolitiki, esasimhlukanisa naziSofilosofi zangaleso sikhathi .
UDemocritus wayengumfundi oyinhloko kaLeucippus, owaba ngumlandeli wakhe kamuva, bobabili bevela ezweni elilodwa, futhi behlanganyela izimfundiso eziningi, bakwazi ukwakha imodeli ye-athomu kuze kube namuhla ilusizo kakhulu, yize beneminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili ubudala.
Wayengumuntu ozalwa eyisihambi, futhi wathatha uhambo oludabula amadolobha namasiko amaningi ahlukene, efunda kwabenzi bemilingo basePheresiya nabaseGibhithe lapho athola khona ulwazi ngayo yonke leyomiphakathi, futhi kwaxoxwa ngisho nezinganekwane ngaye, njengaleyo ethi wagebhuza khipha amehlo akhe ukuze angaphazamisi ukuzindla kwakho.
Waphila kwaze kwaba ngu-370 BC, washona eneminyaka engama-90, yize abaningi bevuma ukuthi lesazi sefilosofi esikhohlakele sathola impilo engaphezu kweminyaka eyikhulu.
Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe abantu base-Athene babengamnaki nhlobo, yize ayemhlonishwa u-Aristotle omkhulu, owayehlale ephawula ukuthi akazange aluthole udumo olwanele, ngoba wayengenasifiso sokulufeza, futhi uSocrates wayengakaze amazi, yize ngamazi yini.
Ngenxa yokuhleka kwakhe njalo, athe wakwenza njengendida lapho izwe lithatha khona, wayaziwa njengesazi sefilosofi esihlekayo, noma u-Abderita omomothekayo, ongabonakala ezithombeni zakhe ezahlukahlukene, futhi wakwazi ukuba ngophikisayo kuHeraclitus owayaziwa njengesazi sefilosofi ekhalayo, ekhombisa isimo esihluke ngokuphelele.
Iyini imodeli ye-athomu kaDemocritus?
Njengoba eyisibonelo sokuqala se-athomu esithunyelwa ngumGreki, uDemocritus wakwazi ukuthuthukisa kanye nomfundisi wakhe uLeucippus, umbono we-athomu wendawo yonke, ongazange uthuthukiswe njengamamodeli wamanje ngokuhlola, kodwa kunalokho, ngokucabanga okunengqondo futhi nakuba enza ikakhulukazi uthisha wakhe, kunzima kakhulu ukuwahlukanisa, ngoba ayafana kakhulu.
Kumodeli yakhe wahlela ukuthi ama-athomu ayafana, ahlala njalo futhi ahlukaniseki futhi ngasikhathi sinye awabonakali futhi awaqondakali, futhi awahlukaniswa ngezici zawo zangaphakathi, kepha ngobunjalo bawo nobukhulu bawo. Konke okuqonda ukwakheka kwendaba kuncike kuma-athomu akwenzileyo.
Igama lama-athomu walinikwa ngokwakhe, okuyinkulumo yesiGreki ehumusha njengaleyo engabalwa, okuyizinto zoqobo ezinezimfanelo zokungaguquguquki nobuphakade, okuthi ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obuncane bungabonakali ngezinzwa zomuntu.
UDemocritus esebenza ngokubambisana nomeluleki wakhe uLeucippus, banquma ukuthi ukunyakaza kuyiqiniso langempela, elenze amandla kanye ne-inertia esetshenziswa ekuhlolweni komzimba kuze kube namuhla, umcabango onjalo wawungowalabo balandeli benhlangano yama-athomu, ngenkathi ama-Eleatas akakwamukelanga lokhu njengeqiniso.
Indodana yayinokuthi ama-athomu ahlangana ngenxa yezimo zawo ezihlukile, noma phakathi kwawo kwakunesikhala esincane esivumela ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwawo, nokwehluka kwawo, ahlukaniswa isikhathi esithile kuphela, ngenxa yokushayisana kwawo nelinye iqoqo lama-athomu, elingathathanga isikhathi eside, ngoba maduzane lizohlangana namanye, lakhe umzimba omusha.
Ukunyakaza kwama-athomu kuyinqubo engokwemvelo, bayohlala behamba emkhathini, mhlawumbe bashintshe indawo abakuyo, kepha bangaze babhujiswe, bagcine isimo sabo kulo lonke iphakade, befuna ukuba yingxenye yeqoqo labo, isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka.
Zonke izidalwa ezikhona nezinto endaweni yonke zakhiwe ngamaqoqo ama-athomu, ahlangana ngazinye ukwakha imizimba namafomu awo, yize iningi ligcina ukuthi leli qiniso liyindaba yamathuba, kumodeli ye-athomu yeDemocritus, lokhu kuvela ngokuthi isidingo sobumbano phakathi kwazo, lezi zinhlobo zakha ukucabanga kokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo ngokuphelele, ngomqondo wokuthi yonke into eyakhiwe futhi yadalwa yinto eyenzeka ngengozi nokuhlangana kwamaketanga kwalezi zinhlayiya ezincane ezizenzayo.
Lawa ma-athomu yiwo adlulisa ukubukeka okungabonakala, futhi anikeze namandla okubona nokuzizwa. UDemocritus waphikisa ngokuthi ingqondo yomuntu yayakhiwe ngama-athomu akhanyayo nawayindilinga, kanti umzimba wawakhiwa ngama-athomu asindayo futhi anamandla, njengoba nje nalaba yibo abathola ulwazi nalabo ababenamandla okuzwa konke okukhona. it.
Izazi zefilosofi ezinjengo-Abderita ohlekayo, zithumele amamodeli wazo ngokususelwa ekucabangeni okunengqondo nasekucabangeni, abakaze bakwenze ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa noma izivivinyo. UDemocritus kwimodeli yakhe, waveza ukuthi izidumbu zakhiwe ngezinto ezimbili kuphela, ama-athomu azinikayo, nobuze phakathi kwazo.