Iyiphi indlela ehehayo nekhiphayo?

Le ndatshana ifuna ukuqonda phakathi kwendlela yokuncisha kanye nendlela yokudonsa, ngalezi zindlela zokucwaninga singafinyelela eziphethweni ezihlelekile ezenza kube lula ukufunda.

Ngalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zemfundo, singakwazi ukumboza ukuhlaziywa kusuka esihlokweni esijwayelekile kuya kwesikhethekile. Le ndatshana ilungele noma yimuphi umuntu ophenyayo, onelukuluku nowokuhlaziya ofuna ukwazi imiqondo yalezi zindlela ezimbili.

Iyiphi indlela yokungenisa?

Kule ndlela yokuphenya, izakhiwo ziyisisekelo sesiphetho, ukuze kutholakale umphumela wokugcina osuselwa kuphenyo ngendlela yokungenisa, kuyadingeka ukuthi kube nezici ezisheshisa ukuhlaziywa njengezakhiwo. Isiphetho siphephile ngoba kusekelwe ebufakazini obungenzeka.

Ngaphakathi kwezincazelo ezahlukahlukene, sithola umqondo ohlanganisa yonke imigomo ejwayelekile size sifinyelele ekubonweni okuthile kwento, inkinga noma into efundwayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwenza ucwaningo olususelwa kundlela yokubamba iqhaza, kusetshenziswa amasu ahlukene wokuhlaziya angashiyi noma isiphi isici esinquma ukwakheka kwenkinga, ngoba lokhu, kusuka emibonweni ejwayelekile kuya kuleyo ethize kakhulu .

Le ndlela iphinde isetshenziswe njalo yindlela yesayensi, idala amathuba okucacisa i-hypothesis nokuchaza imibono.

Izinhlobo zokucabanga okungenayo

Ukuchaza ngokugcwele ukuthi iyiphi indlela efaka izinto ngaphakathi, besifuna ukukhombisa izici zayo ngokuya ngezinhlobo ezilandelayo:

Ukwenza okuvamile

Kuyisisekelo esincike entweni ejwayelekile yabantu, into ifundelwa i-priori bese kunikezwa isiphetho ngokususelwa kulokho okubonwe okokuqala. Ngolimi oluvamile sithola izibonelo ezinjengalezi ezilandelayo:

Izibonelo zokwenza okuvamile

• "Ngihlangane nendoda endala futhi ecebile engumlingani wentokazi, impela zonke izintombi zifuna indoda endala enemali."
• "Namuhla ngihlangane nomfundisi wami wezifundo, uyisidina, nakanjani bonke abanye abafundisi bayafana."
• "Ngithenge izimbiza ezimbili zemayonnaise kanti enye isihambe kabi, impela enye nayo ilimele."
• "Sengike ngahlangana nomKhatholika oshiseka ngokweqile, ngakho-ke wonke amaKhatholika ashiseka ngokweqile."
• "Sengike ngabheka amanye amakhasi encwadi yokuzisiza futhi kwabonakala kuyingozi kimi, ngakho zonke izincwadi zokuzisiza ziyabulala."
• "Umama wentombi yami wenza ispaghetti esibi kakhulu, impela bayafana kuye."

Izibalo ze-syllogism

Kususelwa ekutadisheni kwezici ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngezibalo, ngokwesibonelo, ingxenye Y yabantu bakwaJ inemfanelo A, ngakho-ke, umuntu ongu-X uyilungu likaJ.

Ngakho-ke, kunamathuba ahambelana no-Y okuthi u-X une-A.

Izibonelo ze-syllogism yezibalo

1. Iningi labafundi besikole samabanga aphansi linezintwala zekhanda.
2. U-Alberto ungumfundi wesikole samabanga aphansi.
3. U-Alberto unethuba eliphezulu lokuthola izintwala ekhanda.

• Abesifazane abakwazi ukudla ikhofi
• Ababhaki badla ikhofi.
• Akekho umbhaki ongowesifazane.

1. Zonke izinja zinolaka
2. Alikho ikati elinolaka
3. Alikho ikati elingaba yinja.

• Ama-78% wamadoda asebenza ezimayini angongqingili.
• U-Antonio usebenza emayini
• Kukhona amathuba angama-78% okuthi u-Antonio ungungqingili.

1. Imvamisa abesifazane bashefa imilenze.
2. Ngingowesifazane
3. Ngishefa imilenze yami.

Ukungeniswa okulula

Kuyisiphetho esilula semicimbi eyenzeka eduze komunye umuntu, ngokwesibonelo, ingxenye Y yabantu bakwaJ inemfanelo A, ngakho-ke, umuntu ngamunye u-X uyilungu likaJ.

Ngakho-ke, kunamathuba ahambelana no-Y okuthi u-X une-A.

Izibonelo ezilula zokungeniswa

1. UJuan wanginikeza izicathulo kwathi esisodwa sonakala, khona-ke ubaba wanginikeza esinye isicathulo futhi esisodwa sonakala, ekugcineni, umfowethu wanginikeza esinye isicathulo futhi esisodwa salimala; Lokho kusho ukuthi njalo uma benginika izicathulo eyodwa kuyangilimaza.
2. NgoMsombuluko ngisebenzile futhi angizange ngiyiqede imibiko ababengibuze yona, ngoLwesibili ngaya emsebenzini futhi angikwazanga ukuqeda imibiko ababengibuzile nayo, namuhla bekumele ngisebenze futhi angizange ngiyiqede imibiko; Lokho kusho ukuthi izikhathi engiya ngazo emsebenzini angikwazi ukufeza izibopho zami.
3. NgoMgqibelo ngiye esitolo sikaMaría ngiyothenga amakhukhi kashokholethi kanti bekukhona ama-vanilla cookies kuphela, ngeSonto ngibuye ngaya futhi bekukhona amakhukhi e-vanilla kuphela, namhlanje uPablo uye esitolo sikaMaría wayothenga amakhukhi kashokoledi; Lokhu kusho ukuthi angisoze ngakwazi ukuthenga amakhukhi e-chocolate chip uma ngiya esitolo ngingedwa.

Impikiswano evela ekufaniseni

Le ndlela ibhekisa ezinkambisweni ezimbili ezihlobene, ngokwesibonelo, u-H no-A ziyefana nezici ze-X, Y no-Z. isici B.

Izibonelo zengxabano kusuka ekufanisweni

1. Ukukhanya kubumnyama njengokushisa kubanda.
2. Uvalo lumemeza njengokuhleka luye enjabulweni.
3. Ukudabuka ukukhala njengokukhathala ukuthula.
4. Umsakazo endlebeni ufana nethelevishini ekubukeni.
5. Ikama linjengezinwele njengezicathulo ezinyaweni.
6. Ibhere lihlathi njengoba ibhubesi linjalo ehlathini.
7. Amakha ukuhlanza njengephunga elibi lokungcola.
8. ISpain iya eMadrid njengoba iFrance iye eParis.
9. Ijezi liyabanda njengoba okufishane kusashisa.
10. Ukujuluka ukuzivocavoca njengamafutha ukuze uphile impilo yokuhlala phansi.

Ukucabangela okuvamile

Kuyisiphetho esithathwe ebudlelwaneni bomcimbi wamathuba maqondana nento ehambisana nawo.

Izakhiwo ezibonisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwalezi zinto zombili, zingathinta ubudlelwano phakathi kwazo.

Izibonelo zokuthambekela okungajwayelekile

1. Zonke izinja ezisehhovisi lezilwane zizele izinkinga zemikhaza, zonke ziyizinhlobo nosayizi ohlukile futhi zinendlela yokuphila ehlukile; Kodwa-ke, bonke abesifazane bafikile nabanikazi babo, bonke bamemezele ukuthi imikhuba yenhlanzeko abayinike inja bekunganaki kakhulu, ngakho-ke udokotela wezilwane ufinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi izinja ezinabanikazi zithambekele ekubeni nemikhaza.
2. Umtholampilo wezengqondo uthola iziguli eziyi-7 ezinenkinga yokulala.Ucwaningo olwenziwe ezigulini eziyi-7 luphethe ngokuthi ezi-2 zazo zibone abazali abanenkinga efanayo ebuntwaneni bazo, kwathi ezi-5 zazo zathola ubuntwana obugcwele; Abaphenyi baphetha ngokuthi ukuba nabazali abanezinkinga zokulala akusho ngqo ukuthi kunenkinga efana neyomuntu omdala.
3. Ikhaya lokutholwa lithola izingane eziyizintandane eziyishumi, eziyi-10 zazo zashiywa ngabazali abaqeqeshiwe nabadla izambane likapondo, kuyilapho zintathu kuphela ezashiywa ngabazali abahluphekayo; labo ababhekele ikhaya lomndeni baphetha ngokuthi isici semfundo nesomnotho asiphazamisi imigomo yokuziphatha nezindinganiso zabazali.

Ukubikezela

Iziphetho zomcimbi wesikhathi esizayo zenziwa ngokususelwa kokuhlangenwe nakho okwedlule.

Izibonelo zokubikezela  

1. Njalo uma ngiya esitolo ngikhohlwa amakhadi wami esikweletu
2. Namuhla ngiya esitolo
3. Namuhla ngizowakhohlwa amakhadi esikweletu.

• Uma ngiya esitolo sososo katamatisi ngithola ukuthi imayonnaise
• Namuhla ngiya esitolo
• Namuhla ngithenga imayonnaise kuphela.

1. Uzakwethu uthenge isikhwama semali ngentengo enkulu.
2. Namuhla ngithenga isikhwama semali
3. Namuhla ngithenga isikhwama semali ngentengo enhle kakhulu.

• U-Antonio uphakamise uPilar olwandle.
• NgoMsombuluko uMario nami siya olwandle.
• NgoMsombuluko uMario ungicelile.

1. Emndenini kaJuan kunabesifazane aba-5 okuthiwa uGabriela
2. Intombi kaJuan ikhulelwe
3. Uma intombi kaJuan inentombazane, igama layo kuzoba nguGabriela.

• Ngaso sonke isikhathi ngiba nesisindo ngoDisemba
• UKhisimusi uqala ezinsukwini ezi-3
• Ezinsukwini ezi-3 noma ngaphezulu ngizoqala ukukhuluphala.

1. Abazali bami banikeze umfowethu inja ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa
2. Kusasa usuku lwami lokuzalwa.
3. Kusasa banginika inja.

Yini indlela yokudonsa?

Le ndlela idinga izakhiwo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ukufinyelela esiphethweni. Yonke imiqondo kufanele icacele ekukhishweni kwenkinga ukufinyelela esiphethweni esithile

Ukubanjwa kuvame ukuqalwa yi-hypothesis kanye namathuba enza isiphetho esithile futhi esinengqondo, isibonelo: bonke abesifazane bahle, umuntu ngamunye uZ ungowesifazane, ngakho-ke umuntu ngamunye uZ muhle.

Izinhlobo zokucabanga okukhiphayo

Ukuchaza ngokugcwele ukuthi le ndlela yokudonsa ihlanganisani, besifuna ukukhombisa izici zayo ngokuya ngezinhlobo ezilandelayo:

Umthetho wezinqola

Kwenziwa isitatimende esisodwa futhi kuvezwa umbono owodwa kuphela T kuphakanyiswa, isiphetho F kungukuncishiswa kwale mpikiswano ngakho-ke: T kuya F isitatimende, T kuhlongozwa futhi uF ukudonswa kwe-hypothesis.

Izibonelo zomthetho wamasosha

1. Nginezilwane ezifuywayo ezintathu, eyodwa eneminyaka emihlanu kanti eyodwa ineminyaka engu-5, uma isilwane sami sesithathu sikhulile kunaleso esineminyaka engu-8 kodwa sincane kunalesi esineminyaka engu-5, isilwane sami sesithathu sineminyaka engu-8 .
2. Emndenini wami singamalungu angama-20, ayi-13 kubo ngabesifazane, lokho kusho ukuthi amalungu ayi-7 asele angamadoda.
3. Kufanele ngithenge ngazimbili izingilazi ezingama-65, futhi sengithengile ngazimbili izibuko zelanga ezingama-54, ngakho-ke, ezinye eziyi-11 ezisele kumele ngizithenge ukuze zifundwe.
4. UMarcos unodadewabo omncane oneminyaka engama-23 ubudala kanye nobhuti osekhulile oneminyaka engama-25, lokhu kusho ukuthi uMarcos uneminyaka engama-24 ubudala.
5. U-Andrea uzomema abantu abangu-36 emcimbini wakhe wokuzalwa, izivakashi eziyi-15 zingabantu abadala, ngakho-ke abangama-21 yizingane.

Umthetho weSyllogism

Lolu hlobo lwendlela yokudonsa luveza imibuzo emibili engahle ibangele ukuthi kuguqulwe isici sesithathu, kwakheke umbono ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezimbili kuye kwesithathu, ngokwesibonelo, uma uMaria enomkhuhlane akakwazi ukuya kumamuvi nonina, uma UMaria akenzi Uya ebhayisikobho, uzolikhumbula ibhayisikobho, ngakho-ke uma uMaria enomkhuhlane uzolikhumbula ibhayisikobho.

Izibonelo syllogisms

1. Ezinye izicabucabu zinobuthi
2. Izilwane ezinobuthi ziyangethusa.
3. Ezinye izicabucabu ziyangethusa.

• Ngithanda yonke into ephinki
• Inyama ibomvana
• Ngithanda i-ham

1. Ngithanda abesifazane abanezinwele ezimfishane
2. U-Andrea unezinwele ezimfishane
3. Ngiyamthanda u-Andrea

• Akekho umuntu ongahamba phezu kwamanzi
• UManuel uyindoda
• UManuel akakwazi ukuhamba phezu kwamanzi

1. Kuzo zonke izitolo kukhona izicathulo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
2. Esitolo esisekhoneni bathengisa izicathulo
3. Esitolo esisekhoneni bathengisa izicathulo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka

• Onke amakha weChanel ayabiza
• UChanel wethule amakha ayo amasha
• Amakha we-Chanel ayabiza.

1. Bonke abesifazane banezinwele ezimnyama
2. USofia ungowesifazane
3. USofia unezinwele ezimnyama.

Umthetho wokuphindisela

Kulula, uma isiphetho esinikezwe ngesihloko noma into singamanga, i-hypothesis ingamanga, isibonelo: Uma umama wami epheka inhlanzi, akukho nhlanzi. Anginayo imali, ngakho-ke ngiyakwazi ukuthenga indlu.

Izibonelo zoMthetho we-counter-reciprocal

1. Uma ekhala uyajabula, uma edabukile ngabe uyahleka.  
2. Uma ethi uyafuna ukuhamba, uthi cha, khona-ke ushiye ngoba ethi cha.
3. Ngilala ngisesitimeleni, angikho esitimeleni ngakho ngiyalala.

Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili

Indlela ngayinye yokucwaninga nokuhlaziya inesizathu sokuba yiyo. Kodwa-ke, zinokwehluka okuphawulekayo okufanele kuhlolisiswe ngabaphenyi ababheka zonke izinhlobo zezihloko.

Okokuqala, indlela yokufaka inducu isuselwa emibonweni eyakha isiphetho, ngokungafani nendlela yokudonsa okufanele isuselwe emibonweni esekwe kumaqiniso abambekayo futhi aqinisekisekayo.

Indlela yokufaka i-inductive ithokozela ukuzenzakalela kwesihloko maqondana nombono obucayi nowokuzithoba kanye nendlela yokubona izinto ezithile. Kuthinta kakhulu imizwa nemicabango yomuntu ngamunye, kusebenza njengebhuloho lezinzwa phakathi kwezithombe zangaphandle nokucabanga okungabonakali.

Ngokwengxenye yayo, indlela yokudonsa isuselwa kokuthintekayo nokuqinisekisekayo. Ucwaningo lokulinganisa luyadingeka ukufakazela i-hypothesis ngokuya ngezimpikiswano ezahlukahlukene.