Ithiyori yeseli neminikelo yayo emikhulu

Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, zombili izitshalo nezilwane, zakhiwa ngamangqamuzana, okuyiyona nto eyinhloko eyakhelayo, lapho yonke imisebenzi idunyiswa, ngoba konke okwenziwa yisidalwa esiphilayo kuqhutshwa ngumsebenzi obangelwa yiwo wonke ama-cedula ndawonye.

Ithiyori yeseli yafinyelelwa ngenxa yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe eyenziwe kumakhroskophu lapho kwatholakala khona ukuthi izinto eziyinhloko zendaba yezinto eziphilayo zingamaseli, zibalulekile futhi ngasikhathi sinye ziyingxenye efanele kakhulu yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo.

Kwakunqunywa ukuthi amangqamuzana avela kwamanye amaseli, angahle anele ukudala umzimba oba yisidalwa yenziwe ngezinto eziphilayoLokhu kuqukethe imininingwane yazo zonke izizukulwane zezinhlobo ngaphakathi kwazo, ngakho-ke ukutadisha lokhu kunganquma ukuthuthuka nentuthuko yesidalwa esithile esiphilayo.

Iyini inkolelo yeseli?

Imibono yimibono eyimiphumela esetshenzisiwe kwisayensi, lapho kusetshenziswa imithetho ethile ekwakhiweni kolwazi olungakaqinisekiswa ngokuphelele, futhi igama leseli lihlanganiswe nakho konke okuphathelene namaseli, okuyizinto ezincane kakhulu futhi ezibaluleke kakhulu izinhlayiya ezakha into ephilayo, ngakho-ke zonke izidalwa eziphilayo.

Kuyinto a inkolelo ikakhulukazi ehlobene ne-biology Ngoba inikela ngeminikelo emikhulu ekutadisheni komthethosisekelo wezidalwa eziphilayo nokuthi zidingeka kanjani ngokusobala ekwakheni impilo.

Umehluko phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nezingafakwanga ukuthi eyokuqala ingazithuthukisa futhi ibuye igaye amandla, ibe yizici ezimbili ezikhethekile nezingafani nalokhu, kanti i-inert ayikwazi ukwenza noma yiziphi zalezi zenzo.

Lolu wucwaningo oseluneminyaka luqhubeka futhi yonke imininingwane yalo ayikaqedwa, ngenxa yobuningi bendaba nokwehluka okukhona kuyo, kube nososayensi abaningi kakhulu abenze iminikelo ebalulekile kulokhu inkolelo.

Izimiso zethiyori yeseli

Ithiyori yeseli inikele ngolwazi olukhulu kakhulu kubhayoloji, ngoba ngenxa yayo isimilo nokuzithuthukisa hhayi kwezinto eziphilayo kuphela, kepha nezindawo ezithuthuka kuzo, kukhonjisiwe futhi kwafundwa, kunikeza ukucaciseleka kwalolu daba ngaphambi kokukhathazeka kwabantu .

Kwakukhona ososayensi ababili baseJalimane abakwazile ukusungula imigomo yokuqala neyesibili yalo mbono, lapho bebona ngokusebenzisa i- ukusetshenziswa kwe-microscope ukuthi ukwakheka kwezitshalo nezilwane kwakucishe kufane, ukuze ukukhula kwazo kuchazwe njengokufana, lokhu kwakuphakathi nonyaka we-1839.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, wachaza amasethi wamangqamuzana anefomu efanayo nokusebenza njengezicubu zezidalwa eziphilayo, umnikeli wale datha kwakunguXavier Bichat, bese kuthi lolu cwaningo lwabizwa nge-histology, okwakuyi-anatomy ejwayelekile usetshenziswa kwezokwelapha nakumzimba wonke, lo mnikelo wenziwe ngusosayensi uMeyer.

Ngo-1980 uMnu Carl Woese wakwazi ukuveza izinhlobo ezintathu zama-microorganism ngokusebenzisa ama-microscopes akhe, awabiza ngokuthi i-archaea, bacteria kanye nama-urkaryotes, wona atshala umqondo wokuthi amaseli anamandla emvelo okusebenzisa imisebenzi ye-genomic, lokhu kufezeke ngoba lo mlingiswa wagxila kuzo zonke izifundo zakhe ephuzwini elilodwa, i-ribosomal RNA, okuyisakhiwo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ezinazo.

U-Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, owasebenza kusukela ngo-1674 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe, engomunye wabanduleli beseli, i-microbiological kanye ne-biology yokuhlola, naye wakwazi ukwenza izifundo nokuhlola okuhlukahlukene, nguyena owenza okutholakele okubaluleke kakhulu, nakho okwenzelwe umuntu wakhe.

Kukhona nomnikelo obalulekile womunye udokotela waseJalimane, okwazile ukuthola ukuthi iseli ngalinye libhekene nesifo esihlukile, ukuze kutholakale izinhlobo eziningana ngokuya ngemisebenzi yazo.

Ngokulandelayo, kube khona ukubamba iqhaza kososayensi abaningi, ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo kanye nodokotela abalulekile emlandweni, yize konke lokhu bekungenxa yentuthuko eyenziwe ngamamakhroskophu okuyizinto ezishayela yonke le ndaba, ngoba ngaphandle kwazo bezingabonakali emehlweni. human, bese kuthi imisebenzi yabo nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezikhona zanqunywa.

Ngemuva kwakho konke lokhu, kungasungulwa imiqondo yesimanje neyamanje, sibonga iqiniso lokuthi miningi iminikelo etholakele, ebiyinhle ngokuphelele ekufundweni kwayo, nasekumiseni imithetho nemingcele ezokwazi ukuyiphenya.

Umqondo wamanje

Amaseli ayezimisele ukuba yiwo amayunithi omzimba nawokuziphatha kwazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, amagama ahlanganisa imigomo yalesi sayensi, engatshela izindlela zentuthuko, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, amafomu okukhula nokuzalaniswa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila kule planethi, futhi kukhona abanye abahlala nabaningana balaba nabanye abadinga eyodwa kuphela ukwazi ukuba khona.

Umqondo wanamuhla ngokuyisisekelo uyefana nowamanje, kuphela ukuthi ucacisa imigomo emithathu yesayensi, elandelayo.

• Yonke imisebenzi ebalulekile ukuthi izidalwa eziphilayo ezingaba nazo zibangelwa amaseli nezinto ezizifihlayo, futhi zinamandla amakhulu kangangokuba kungaba khona nezidalwa okuyiseli elilodwa vo elinganela ukufeza zonke izinqubo ezishiwo, njengezinto ezingama-unicellular.
• Kukhona i-stem cellokungukuvela kwamanye amaseli, ngoba lokhu kungavela kwamanye amangqamuzana, lokhu kuyinqubo ebaluleke kakhulu ebukhoneni besidalwa esiphilayo, ngaphezu kwalokho amangqamuzana akwazi ukudala amasha abizwa ngama-prokaryotes, futhi ama-eukaryot olunye uhlobo.
• Kukhona zombili izinto eziphilayo ezinama-multicellular nama-unicellular, Okuhlobene nalokhu yisimiso sokuthi yonke into ephilayo ihlelwe ngamaseli namagciwane, noma ngemfihlo yayo.

Amaseli afundwe kabanzi iminyaka eminingi, futhi ngaphandle kwawo wonke umzamo owenziwe kubo, zonke izici zabo nezimfihlakalo zabo azikatholakali ngokugcwele kuze kube namuhla, yize ngezinga elithile kwaziwa ngokwanele ngabo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kweseli

Amaseli angahlukaniswa abe yizinhlobo ezimbili, ama-prokaryote nama-eukaryote, ngayinye enezici zayo nemisebenzi eyihlukanisa nomlingani wayo, njengama-prokaryotes yilawo anekhono lokuzala phakathi kwawo, ngaleyo ndlela akhe amaseli amasha.

• Amaseli e-eukaryotic: Lawa ngamangqamuzana akha izilwane, izitshalo, nesikhunta.
• Amaseli we-Prokaryotic: Yilezo eziqukethe ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo ezibizwa ngama-bacteria ne-archaea.

Lokhu kunemisebenzi enikeza ubungqabavu obudingekayo ezintweni eziphilayo njengokudla, ukunyakaza, ukukhula, ukukhula, phakathi kwezinye izinqubo.