Idolobha elihle kakhulu futhi eliyimfihlakalo laseMesoamerican lenkathi yangaphambi kweSpanishi, ngenxa yokuthi izehlakalo zenzeka kuyo ukuthi kuze kube namuhla akukho nkomba yazo noma ukuthi zenzeke kanjani.
Yize imvelaphi yayo ingaziwa nezizathu zokushiywa kwayo, kunemininingwane ethile nezici zesiko laseTeotihuacán njengabantu bayo, ukuhweba okwakwenziwa kuyo, okwakubaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, ngoba kulinganiselwa ukuthi izikhathi Ubukhulu bedolobha namasiko alo kwakuphakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX AD
Thola ngesiko laseTeotihuacán
Okusho ukuthi ngeSpanishi kusho indawo lapho onkulunkulu bavela khona noma bevela khona noma ikhaya lomuzi onkulunkulu owawutholwe umphakathi waseMexico, owawusuyincithakalo ngaleso sikhathi, ngenxa yalokhu igama langempela lomuzi alaziwa. inikezwe ngabakhileyo, nobuzwe babo obungazange bukhonjwe kubo.
Yize kuyisiko eliyimfihlakalo ngoba akukho okuningi okwaziwayo ngalo, kuqoqiwe eminye imininingwane evele ishaqise kakhulu futhi ithakazelise, njengezakhiwo ezikhona emanxiweni omuzi ngokwesibonelo, imininingwane izokwembulwa ngezansi nge ukuhlonipha izici zesiko leTeotihuacán elihlaba umxhwele kakhulu.
Idatha nezici zesiko laseTeotihuacán
Ukuqala kwedolobha
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi idolobha lalinayo ukuqala esikhathini ngaphambi kukaKristu, Ukunemba eminyakeni eyi-100 ngaphambili, ngaleso sikhathi idolobha laseCuicuilco lahlushwa ukufuduka lapho izakhamizi kwakudingeka zifuduke, zifike edolobheni laseTeotihuacán, ngakho-ke kuyaziwa ukuthi iningi lezakhamizi lalingabafuduki abanezinhlanga ezahlukahlukene.
Kusukela ngalowo mzuzu kuqhubeke, izakhiwo zedolobha zaqala ukuhlelwa, njengamasiko alo nokwakhiwa kwawo njengamaphiramidi nemikhawulo yawo.
Ngenkathi idolobha liqhubeka ngezigaba, inani labantu kanye nemikhawulo yedolobha lakhula, lafinyelela cishe kubantu abangama-45.000 namakhilomitha-skwele angama-22 ububanzi.
Umsuka wegama "iTeotihuacán Culture"
Igama elinikezwe amaNahuatlacas ngenxa yalesi sizathu likhona ngolimi lwesiNahuatl, ngoba impucuko yakuqala yedolobha yayingekho ngaleso sikhathi, bayibhabhadisa "njengekhaya labonkulunkulu" abaseMexico baqhubeka nokuyisebenzisa, futhi lokho yahlanganiswa nomlando wentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. AbaseMexico babekholelwa ukuthi uTula uvela kulokhu, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi umphakathi wawuyiToltec.
Izinyathelo zokuqala zesiko laseTeotihuacán
Yize benolwazi oluncane ngokuqala kwale mpucuko, kuyaziwa ukuthi basebenzise isigaba saseCuanalán lapho amadolobhana amaningi ezolimo afudukela edolobheni cishe phakathi kuka-500 no-100 BC La malungu amasha esiko, ayehlala emifuleni nase izigodi zemikhawulo yedolobha.
Ngemuva kwekhulu leminyaka ukwakhiwa kwedolobha elikhulu kwakuzoqala, noma idolobha elikhulu lokugubha lapho kwakulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu babenabantu abangaba ngu-5.000 XNUMX ngaleso sikhathi.
IJografi yedolobha
Ukuba nesimo esingajwayelekile ngesikhathi esakhiwa ngaso, leli dolobha lalisesigodini esinegama eliguqulwe lafana nedolobha, eMfuleni iSan Juan, amakhilomitha ayishumi nanhlanu ukusuka eLake Texcoco.
Okwamanje kwaziwa njengezwe laseMexico, isigodi saseTeotihuacán sikhona, esinokuphakama okuphezulu kwamamitha ayi-3200 2240 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, namathafa aso afinyelela cishe ku-XNUMX XNUMX.
Ulimi lweTeotihuacan neqembu lesizwe
Ulwazi oluncane esinalo ngalokhu luvela e-Anahuac, okuyibo abashiya umkhondo wale mpucuko, kepha ekuqoqweni kwemininingwane yomlando eyenziwe ngemuva kokunqotshwa kweMexico, akazange ayisho ngokuningiliziwe le mpucuko. khuluma ngezimpawu ezishiwo yi-Anahuac.
Isiko lamaNahua lalicabanga ukuthi abadali bedolobha babakhiwe yimidondoshiya eyayiphila ngaphambi kwabo, nokuthi imipiramidi eyakhiwe yayihloselwe ukusebenza njengamathuna abo. Lo mjaho wabizwa ngeQuinametzim.
Ukwakhiwa kweTeotihuacan
Izakhiwo ezinjengezigodlo, amathempeli namapiramidi yizo ezigqame kakhulu phakathi kwezakhiwo ezikhombisa isiko laseTeotihuacán, elingavakashelwa njengamanje ngaphandle kwenkinga, ukwazi ubukhulu bale ndawo.
- Iphiramidi Yenyanga: isakhiwo esingamamitha angama-45 ukuphakama, siguqulwe okungenani kasikhombisa phakathi kwezigaba zokuvela kwedolobha, sincane kunepiramidi yelanga, kepha silawula ukumisa ukuphakama okufanayo emehlweni, ngoba sakhiwe endaweni ephakeme.
- Iphiramidi yeLanga: ukuphakama kwamamitha angama-63 ngesisekelo esingamamitha-skwele angama-225, kubhekwa njengephiramidi yesibili ngobukhulu yesikhathi saseMesoamerican, futhi enkulu kunayo yonke lelisiko, engabonakala kumakhilomitha amaningana kude.
- Isigodlo saseQuetzalpapálotl: okuvelele kakhulu ngaleli siko, elinesakhiwo esakhiwe kahle ngezinto zokwakha ezihamba phambili, ezazinezimvemvane eziqoshwe isakhiwo salo sonke, kwakuyisigodlo sabapristi besiko, futhi bekukholelwa ukuthi yizikhulu kuphela ezihlala lapho teotihuacana .
Ukuchuma kwesiko laseTeotihuacan
Idolobha likwazile ukuhlanganisa amandla alo ezifunda esigabeni saseTlamimilolpa, esenzeka cishe ngonyaka wama-250 BC, esabalele kuyo yonke indawo yaseMesoamerican. Ngalesi sikhathi ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwaveza izandiso ezimbili zePhiramidi leNyanga elalihambisana nokungcwatshwa kwabantu.
Ikwazile ukuba ngamakhilomitha-skwele angama-20 ububanzi, izakhiwo zezindlu zomsebenzi womphakathi wazo zonke izinhlobo, kanye nezakhiwo zezindlu zabantu bazo eziqhubeka nokukhula.
Ubudlelwano bezentengiselwano besiko lakwaTeotihuacan babaziwa eMesoamerica yonke, obabunikeza ukuqashelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho nakwezenhlalo, okwakhiwa ngesikhathi seTlamimilolpa, lapho kwakhiqizwa khona izinhlobo ezihlukile zobumba futhi zenziwa ngalezo zikhathi. izitsha zobumba eziwolintshi ezincane.
Urbanism
Lokhu kususelwa ekwakhiweni kwezimbazo ezibheke eceleni lapho impumalanga yayiyingxenye yomfula iSan Juan kanti iningizimu yayiyingxenye yeCalzada de los Muertos. Phakathi kwabo kwabekwa igridi eyayihloselwe ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokwakha.
Izisekelo zokwakhiwa kwedolobha zihlobene nombono wendawo yonke impucuko eyayinayo, okwakungezinye zezici eziyinhloko zesiko laseTeotihuacán, lokhu kungabonwa ngokulandelana ngqo kwezakhiwo, nakho okwanikeza umbono obalulekile ezinkanyezini.
Ukwehla kwesiko laseTeotihuacán
Naphezu kokuba nezakhamizi ezingaphezu kwama-75.000, nokuba ngelinye lamadolobha amakhulu futhi abaluleke kakhulu esikhathini saseMesoamerican, esigabeni seMetepec, umsebenzi wokwakha wakhubazeka ngokuphelele, okwakubaluleke kakhulu kuleli siko.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukufuduka kwesiko lamaCoyotlatelco ngenkathi ye-Oxtotipac, okwadala ukufuduka kwabahlali, okwenza umphakathi waseTeotihuacan ushiye idolobha, ushiye indawo enabantu abaningi kakhulu inabantu abangama-5000.
Kukholakala nokuthi ngalezi zikhathi kuvele uhlobo lwesomiso oludale umsebenzi omubi wezolimo, ngakho-ke abahlali bathatha isinqumo sokuthuthela kwamanye amazwe beyofuna indawo yokuhlala engcono.
Kwenzekani ngemuva kokuwa?
Mhlawumbe izakhamizi zedolobha iTeotihuacán zithathe isinqumo sokuthuthela kwelinye izwe ngenxa yengcindezelo yezepolitiki eyayikhona endaweni, yize kungaziwa kahle ukuthi yayiyini imbangela, kuyaziwa ukuthi abantu bakuleli dolobha bahlakazeka phakathi kwamasiko ahlukahlukene endawo, belahlekelwa ubuhlanga babo ubunikazi.
Umlando weTeotihuacán
Umlando walokhu, yize ungachazwanga kahle, eminye imininingwane efana nokuthi leli siko kwakuyimbangi enkulu yeCuicuilco, eqala isikhathi sayo, njengoba kulinganiselwa eminyakeni eyi-1000 yokuqala ngaphambi kukaKristu.
Njengoba kwaziwa futhi ukuthi inkathi ephakeme yayiphakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX kuya kwelesi-XNUMX, futhi ukwehla kwayo kwakusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX kuqhubeke, okungakabikho mininingwane esaziwa ngayo, ngaphandle kwenqubo yokufuduka yabantu baseTeotihuacans.
Imivubukulo edolobheni iTeotihuacán
Lokhu kube nentshisekelo enkulu yemivubukulo, obekuhlosiwe kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngenxa yezimfihlakalo ezicashe emlandweni waseMesoamerican walezo zikhathi.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi idolobha lingavakashelwa yizivakashi ngenxa yokunothisa kwamakamelo alo, vele lihambisana nomhlahlandlela wendawo, owazi indlela ehlakaniphile nephephe kunazo zonke ukufeza uhambo oluhle kakhulu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yimininingwane yazo zonke izici wesiko laseTeotihuacán nezimfihlakalo zalo.
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