I-etymology yegama elithi "biotic" ibhekisa ngokungangabazeki kusiqalo semvelaphi yesiGreki "bio", okusho ukuthi "impilo", futhi kungaphansi kwaleli qiniso elilula lapho kuchazwa khona incazelo yaleli gama eliyindida kakhulu. "I-biotic factor", ngakho-ke, isici esibhekisa empilweni, kulokho okuphilayo, njengoba kunjalo emvelweni kubhekisa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhula endaweni enikeziwe, eziyiguqulayo futhi zisebenzisane nezinye izinto eziphilayo noma nemvelo uqobo. Kukhona ingxenye ethile yefa, lapho lezi zici zigwema ukumane zithathwe ngamandla emvelo, ngakho-ke, yize zingenakho ukuhlakanipha ngokwezinga lomuntu, zinethonya elibonakalayo emvelweni yazo.
Sikhuluma nje mayelana "nezimbali" kanye "nezilwane", izitshalo, izilwane, nazo zonke izidalwa ezifanayo kodwa ngegama elaziwa kancane kulabo abangabandakanyeki ngandlela thile ezweni lesayensi, noma abamane banelukuluku lokwazi. Ngale ndlela, ihlathi nazo zonke izihlahla zalo kuyizinto eziphilayo, izingwejeje nembewu namantongomane abakuqoqayo, izinyoni zezilwane ezicathamela phezulu, izimbali zokuhlobisa, izithelo ngisho nesikhunta se-bud ne-spore esigcwele izindawo ezimanzi. Noma, ngaphandle kokuqhubeka, izilwane ezifuywayo namazeze abo, ukudla kwethu, ngokwethu, kubukeka kukuningi ngoba kuningi okufanele kubhekelwe, kepha akuyona yonke into.
Abasebenzi bezinguquko
Lezi zidalwa eziphilayo ezihlukene kumele zifune ukusinda kwazo, nangokuxhumana nezinye izinhlobo zazo, zizalane, lapho zinezici ezahlukahlukene zomzimba nezokuziphatha ezizisizayo ukuba zincintisane ngalezo zinsizakusebenza ezidingekayo ukuze ziphile.
Izici zebhayoloji zingaqondakala njengabasebenzi bezinguquko ngaphakathi kohlelo, izihloko ezenzo zazo ziqala imvelo, kepha yini ezisebenzisayo? Yiziphi izinsizakusebenza abazisebenzisayo ukuze baphile? Impendulo kungaba enye into okuthi ngokwemvelo nakwibhayoloji yakha imvelo: izici "ze-abiotic". Isiqalo esithi "a" sengezwa egameni ukukhombisa ikhwalithi yokungabikho, noma ngamanye amagama, ukukhombisa ukuthi akuyona eyokuphila, nokuthi ihlukile kulo. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezinjengomoya, umhlaba, amanzi, ukukhanya kanye nokushisa kusetha isigaba lapho kukhula khona izitshalo nezilwane, indawo lapho impilo ingekho khona uqobo, kepha ekuhlinzekelayo.
Ukuhlukaniswa
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuya ngeqhaza labo kumjikelezo wokusebenzisana okungokwemvelo / okungokwemvelo lapho impilo ifingqiwe khona, izinto zebhayoloji zinezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:
- Abakhiqizi noma ama-Autotrophs: Isixhumanisi sokuqala sexhaxha eliyinkimbinkimbi, lolu hlobo lwesici lwakhiwa yilezo zinto ezithatha izinto ezingaphili futhi zikuguqule kube ukudla ezikudlayo uqobo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuxhumana kwayo nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo kunomkhawulo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezinto ngoba akuxhomekile ekusetshenzisweni okuqondile kwezinye izici zebhayoloji. Izitshalo ngokwemvelo ziwela kulesi sigaba. Ngokwengeziwe, ngokusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo izinto ezivamise ukungcolisa ezinye izidalwa (njengekhabhoni dayoksayidi yokuphefumula kanye ne-urea evela emchameni), zifaka isandla ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwamakhemikhali, umkhuba ogcina imvelo ihlanzekile.
- Abathengi noma ama-Heterotrophs: isixhumanisi sesibili sokuqagela ochungechungeni lokudla. Lesi sici sakhiwa yilezo zinto ezinamandla namandla okuzivumela zingakhiqizi ukudla kwazo, lapho zithola khona izakhamzimba zazo ngokusetshenziswa okuqondile kwezinye izidalwa, kungaba ngabakhiqizi noma abanye abathengi. Izilwane zonke ziyizibonelo ezinhle zalesi sigaba. Noma ngabe yilabo abadla izitshalo, izidlo ezidla ezinye izilwane, noma izidlovu ezisizakala ngokufa okuhlukahlukene, asikho isilwane esikwaziyo ukukhiqiza zonke izakhamzimba ezidingekayo emzimbeni waso, lapho ziphendukela ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto ngendlela ethile noma enye baphumelele. Yingakho umuntu, noma ngabe "etshala" imifino futhi "ekhulisa" izilwane, empeleni ungumthengi.
- Ama-decomposers noma ama-Detritophages: Njengoba nje Abakhiqizi basebenzise ithuba lezinto eziphilayo ezivela emvelweni noma kokukhishwa kwezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ukuzondla, lesi sixhumanisi sesithathu nesokugcina eketangeni (okungenani ezingeni eliyisisekelo) sisebenzisa into ephilayo etholakala kwizicubu namakhemikhali abolayo ., kube lawa awile, izidumbu, izikhumba ezichithekileyo noma okufanayo. Phakathi kokubola okuvame kakhulu yizibungu zomhlaba nesikhunta.
Lolu hlobo lwesithathu lwe-biotic factor cIsebenzisa umsebenzi ofanayo wokuphinda usebenzise kabusha ngokwesisekelo kulaba baKhiqizi lapho bethatha izintambo zokuqinisekisa inqubekelaphambili efanele yenqubo ebalulekile yemvelo nokulinganisela kwayo, kepha ikwenza ezingeni elijulile, eliyinkimbinkimbi nelokulinganisa lapho ngasikhathi sinye ivala iphinde ivuselele umjikelezo. Izinto eziphilayo eziwohlokile ziguqulwa zibe izinto ezondla Abakhiqizi, bese inqubo iqala kabusha.
Ngokwengeziwe, kunezigaba ezinikezwe maqondana nenani lezinto eziphilayo ezizoqoqwa: umuntu ngamunye (iyunithi elilodwa), inani labantu (iqoqo labantu abavela endaweni enikeziwe) nomphakathi (iqoqo labantu elisebenzisanayo). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izici ze-biotic zineqoqo lobudlelwano be-intersubjective ngokuya ngohlobo lokuxhumana abakwenzayo, ukuze kube khona: isandulela (isidalwa esiphilayo sondla ngqo komunye, ngokufa ngenxa yalokho), ukuncintisana ( lapho izinhlobo ezimbili zisebenzisa insiza efanayo), i-parasitism (lapho isidalwa esiphilayo sisebenzisa esinye ngaphandle kokunikeza noma iyiphi inzuzo ngokubuyisela) kanye nokuvumelana (ubudlelwano lapho zombili izinhlangano zizuza khona ekusebenzisaneni.
Izici zebhayoloji ekudleni komuntu
Lokho kusho, mhlawumbe kunezinkambu ezingalindelekile lapho kuvela khona izinto eziphilayo. I-Macrobiotic Diet, ngokwesibonelo, uhlobo lokudla okukhishwe emibonweni evela esikweni laseMpumalanga, futhi kwahlelwa kabusha ngaphansi kwemibono yesimanje, lapha, ubukhulu nezinhlobo zokudla okufakiwe ziphathwa ngokunakekelwa ngokweqile ngaphansi komqondo wokwakha okwanele ukulingana kwamakhemikhali amakhemikhali emzimbeni ngemuva kokuthi lokhu kudla kugaywe, ngaleyo ndlela kuhlangatshezwane nenqubo yokwenziwa komzimba, okusiza ukuvikela izifo ngokugwema ukukhathala okuhlupheka emzimbeni lapho kufanele kucubungule inani lokudla elingalingani.
Ngokwengeziwe, ukuthambekela embonini yokudla nasezindleleni zokusetshenziswa kwemiphakathi eyahlukahlukene ukwethulwa kwezakhi ze- "probiotic" ekudleni. Lokhu kumane kungukudla okuhlukahlukene (imvamisa amasoseji noma ubisi) okungezwe izinhlobo ezikhethekile zamagciwane okuthi, uma kudliwe, kuzuze umzimba ngandlela thile. Isibonelo esivame kakhulu kungaba izinhlobo zeyogathi ezithuthukisa inqubo yokugaya ukudla nokumuncwa kwezakhi emathunjini.