Mhlawumbe okokugcina lapho wezwa futhi / noma wasebenzisa leli gama wawuphikisana nomlingani wakho, noma kunjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwangempela akukhawulelwanga kuleyo tirade encane yokuthi ngubani onesibopho sokugeza izitsha. I-feminazi, yilowo wesifazane oyisishoshovu samanje sobudlova besifazane, futhi leli gama lathandwa ngummemezeli waseMelika uRush Limbaugh, owathi ohlelweni lomsakazo waveza umbono wakhe maqondana nesimo esathathwa ukuthambekela kwabesifazane ngokumelene nokukhipha isisu.
Leli gama lakhiwa yigama elihlanganisiwe, elisho imikhuba yabantu besifazane efuna ukwehlisa isibalo somuntu ngendlela ehlazisayo, futhi libhekise esenzweni esilulazayo nesingenabuntu samabutho eqembu leNational Socialist (Nazi) kubantu bamaJuda. Yize abanye becabanga ukuthi lokhu ukuqhathanisa okuyihaba, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ezimweni eziningi kuyenzeka, noma kunjalo, akunakuphikwa ukuthi abesifazane abathile badlula imikhawulo enengqondo ekuvikeleni amalungelo abo, nasempini yokuketula ukucindezelwa kwabesilisa; ngakho-ke bathambekele ekuziphatheni okucindezelayo kwabobulili obuhlukile.
Kusuka kwabesifazane kuya kwabesifazane
I-feminism yinhlangano eyavela njengophawu lokuthi kunesidingo sokuthi iqembu labesifazane lenze ushintsho emphakathini emcabangweni walo wendabuko ngendima yobulili, kwezombusazwe, kwezenhlalo, kwezomnotho nakwezamasiko.
Yize ukusetshenziswa kwencazelo "yesifazane" kubonakala ezincwadini zekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, kwakungumlobi u-Alejandro Dumas Jr., owakusebenzisa ukuzwakalisa ukungavumelani kwakhe nalesi sikhundla esivuna, esatholwa yimikhakha ethile yabesilisa, ngesicelo sokuthi amalungelo athile ayemukelwa abesifazane, njengokubandakanyeka kwi-suffrage nokusebenza ezinhlakeni ezahlukahlukene zalawo ayesungulwe njenge "Imisebenzi yabesifazane", njengoba kwakunjalo ngomshini wokubhala kanye nomqondisi. Njengesibonelo, ukuthi isidingo soshintsho besesiqala ukunanela, nsuku zonke ngamandla amakhulu, kwabesifazane, kubonakala kwisimemezelo sika-Olimpia de Gouges (1791), ngamalungelo abesifazane nezakhamizi, lapho eqinisekisa khona ukuthi amalungelo emvelo ayenqunyelwe ngcindezelo lomuntu, ngalokho wacela ukuthi lesi simo siguqulwe ngokuya ngemithetho yemvelo nokucabanga; Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le ncwadi yamzuzela ukufa kwi-guillotine. Elinye igalelo elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwenguquko yobulili lanikezwa ngo-1792 nguMary Wollstonecraft, owabhala i- "Vindication of the rights of women", ephakamisa izidingo ezingajwayelekile zesikhathi: amalungelo alinganayo ezombusazwe, ezombusazwe, ezabasebenzi kanye nezabasebenzi. Ezemfundo, kanye ilungelo lokuhlukanisa njengesinqumo samahhala sabantu. Kodwa-ke, kwaze kwaba ngonyaka we-1880, lapho umlingani waseFrance uHubertine Auclert, eyinikeza incazelo leli gama elizoduma ngayo eminyakeni ezayo, nokuthi lizoba yinhlangano yezenhlalo ngenhloso yokubeka abesifazane zonke izindawo.izindawo lapho umuntu athuthuke khona.
Kungashiwo ukuthi umzabalazo wabesifazane uqala ukudala imiphumela yangempela, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwe- I-French RevolutionKusukela kule nhlangano kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezintsha zenhlalo, umkhiqizo womqondo olinganayo nowokulinganisa owawondla iziqubulo zawo, okwaholela, phakathi kokunye, ezimweni ezintsha zokusebenza. Enye inhlangano ekhuthaze ukuguqulwa kwezindima abesifazane abazifezayo emphakathini kwaba yi Ukuvuselelwa Kwezimboni, owandisa umkhakha wabasebenzi, wakhuthaza ukufakwa kwabesifazane emisebenzini emisha.
Izimpumelelo zobufazi
Inhlangano yabesifazane, ithole i- ukwephulwa kwamakhodi wokuziphatha aqinile, futhi ayinayo incazelo, okuholele ebubanzini bomcabango womphakathi uwonke; Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, kwakukhona ushintsho embonweni abesifazane ababenawo ngokwabo, abathi kuze kube manje behole impilo ebekelwe imingcele, benamathele emasikweni endabuko angaleso sikhathi, lapho izindima zabo zikhawulelwe othandweni lokuzidela kusuka ikhaya, amakhosikazi nomama, kwezinye izimo abasebenza emisebenzini engaphandle kwekhaya ukufaka isandla emnothweni womndeni, le misebenzi ibingenazo izinzuzo ezifanayo naleyo etholwa yingxenye yabesilisa, ngoba njengabesifazane, ibithathwa njengezinto ezingabalulekile emsebenzini, futhi kwakuvamile ezindaweni zomsebenzi, ukwehlukana ngokocansi kwenzeka, okuhlobene nenkolelo yokuthi kukhona umehluko emandleni nasekuhlakanipheni phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, okwaba nomphumela wokuthi imisebenzi ethile noma imisebenzi ethile yayingenziwa kuphela ngomunye wabobulili, abesilisa yibo ababephethe imisebenzi ngesithunzi esikhulu senhlalo, kanti abesifazane babenqunyelwe emsebenzini we l ikhaya nemisebenzi yezandla. Phakathi kwezinto ezifinyeleleke kakhulu kule nhlangano kukhona:
- Ilungelo lokubamba iqhaza kwi-suffrage.
- Ithuba lokufinyelela emfundweni ephakeme (eyunivesithi).
- Ukucindezelwa kokubandlululwa emisebenzini ngenxa yesimo sabesifazane.
- Iholo elifanele futhi elingana nomsebenzi owenziwe.
- Inkululeko yezocansi.
- Ilungelo lokucela isehlukaniso.
- Umbiko wokuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane.
- Ukusebenza ehhovisi lezepolitiki.
Njengengxenye yeminyaka yomzabalazo, ubufazi babumba kabusha indima yabesifazane emphakathini, noma kunjalo Kungani le nhlangano yaqhubeka lapho lezi zinguquko sezitholakele?
Umzabalazo wokufakwa, kanye noshintsho lwenhlalo, kwaletha ukuphikisana nomphakathi olondolozayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, abesifazane abaningi bahlukunyezwa futhi babulawa, ngemizamo eyize yokuqothula imibono yenkululeko ababephethe ngayo ngokwesaba, naphezu kwakho konke lokhu imikhuba yengcindezelo, akukho okungavimba inkambo yalokho okwakungumcimbi wokuvela komphakathi. Lapho izinhloso sezifeziwe, ubufazi buqhubeka nenkambo yabo, baziguqula baba yinhlangano enamandla. Yize okwamanje kuqhutshekelwa phambili, futhi kuzinikele ekujabuleleni izimo ezintsha zokulingana ezisunguliwe, omunye umkhakha, obambelele entukuthelweni, wakha isikhundla ukuziphindisela, nezimo zenzondo ngabesilisa, okwathi ngesinye isikhathi baba nesandla ekuhluphekeni kobulili babo. Ngale ndlela kuvela i-feminazi, uhlobo lowesifazane olufana nokuthi indoda eyindoda yayiyini kwesinye isikhathi.
Izici zesifazane
Ngeshwa, ongqondongqondo abaningi bachaze ubufazi obunamandla, obubizwa ngokuthi yi-feminazi, obuhambelana nomcabango wamanje, "Enye yezimfashini ezingenangqondo nezingasho lutho eminyakeni yamuva", njengoba, njengoba kusungulwe yibo, sekuzuze inani elikhulu labalandeli, abathi, bebeka eceleni konke ukucabanga okugxekayo, babambelela eziqubeni ezingekho emthethweni, ngoba izizathu zomzabalazo wabo nezicelo zabo zafinyelelwa eminyakeni eyedlule.
Yize kuyiqiniso ukuthi, ngomqondo ongakhethi, imikhuba eminingi yobufazi obuqhakazile iyabasusa kude nenhloso yezinjongo zabo, futhi akunakuphikwa ukuthi ubufazi babamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekumiseni iqhaza ngokuhambisana namandla abesifazane Njengomuntu, noma kunjalo, ukwenziwa radicalization sekuholele ekutheni abesifazane abaningi benze imikhuba emelene nabesilisa, yona uqobo lwabo ezwakalise ukwenqatshwa lapho isetshenziswa ngokumelene nobulili babo. Phakathi kwezici zobufazi esingaziqamba:
Ukwenqatshwa kwesibalo sowesilisa
Le ndoda ihlukaniswa njengomuntu onesihluku nonya, isenzo saso esikhombisa ingozi ekuthembekeni kwabesifazane. Kulo mkhuba, bonke abesilisa bathatha indima yobubi, kanti abesifazane bakhulelwa njengezisulu zokucindezelwa nokuhlukunyezwa kwabesilisa. Ukuguquguquka kwalo mqondo ngukuthi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, abesifazane bavame ukwenqaba izingane zabo zesilisa njengengozi engaba khona enhlalakahleni yabo.
Kuyisici sowesifazane, ukuzonda umuntu ngaphandle kwesizathu sokuba khona, kungumuzwa ngaphandle kwesisusa, ngokusekelwe ezenzweni ezedlule, okungenzeka ukuthi bekungeyona into.
Ukulingana kwamadoda emisebenzini ebonakalayo
"Singakwenza", leyo kwakuyinkulumo abakwaFeminazi abayithatha njengesiqubulo semodeli yabo yezenhlalo, lapho umuntu ekhulelwa njengesidalwa esingenamsebenzi, ngaphandle kwendima ebalulekile ekuguqukeni kokuthuthuka komuntu. Ukubamba iqhaza kwalo kuncishisiwe kube umnikelo weseli lowesilisa ocansini (isidoda), kubalulekile ukunikeza ukuqhubeka kohlobo. Ukunikwa amandla yilesi siqubulo, owesifazane waseFeminazi uyanxuswa ukuthi athuthukise imisebenzi ebifanele kuphela ubulili besilisa, ngoba iyimisebenzi yomzamo wesikhathi eside womzimba kanye / noma edinga ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuqhubekayo.
Ukuthi "singakwazi ukukwenza" kusimema ukuthi sishiye imikhuba ekhiqiza ukulinganiselwa okususelwa ebulilini.
Imikhuba nokugqoka kwabesilisa
Ngokukhomba abesilisa njengenkolelo yokubusa namandla, iningi lalaba besifazane livame ukwamukela ukugqoka nemikhuba efana neyabantu besilisa. Kungumyalezo we-meta, ohambisana nezenzo zabo, okuhloswe ngawo ukunciphisa umqondo kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwabesilisa ngaphakathi kwenhlalo yomphakathi. Futhi, emikhubeni yezocansi, ngezinto ezidalelwe leyo njongo, owesifazane angathatha indima yobudoda.
Ukuphakanyiswa okungenangqondo kwesifazane
Ngokuphakanyiswa okungenangqondo, okuthinta imikhawulo yokukhonzwa kwezithixo, komzimba wesifazane kanye nezici zawo. Isihloko esikhulu kulesi sihloko nguketshezi lomzimba, okwathi ngokusho kwalaba besifazane kwaba yinto yokuhlekwa usulu nokucindezelwa kwabesilisa.
Imibhikisho yala maqembu abesifazane, lapho, njengesenzo sokwenqatshwa, lapho bebhekene nengcindezelo yezinzalamizi, bathathe isinqumo sokukhombisa umhlaba ukuya esikhathini kwabo ukuzikhulula ebuhlotsheni bobulili, kanye nencwajana ehambisana nale nqubo yemvelo. Lokhu kwenziwa yiqembu labesifazane baseSpain ekukhombisa umphakathi, lapho, begqoke izingubo ezimhlophe, ababambe iqhaza bakhombisa ukuphuma kwabo esikhathini. Lezi zinhlobo zemiboniso zisabalele, ngakho-ke zenziwe ngabadwebi baseChile nase-Argentina, abasethe izigaba ezinesihloko esifanayo, lapho uketshezi lomzimba lusetshenziswa khona njengomthombo wokuziqhenya, uphawu lokufezeka kokulingana. Kohlobo . Ukunyakaza ukopha mahhala, iyaphikisana nokusetshenziswa kwamaphinifa okuhlanzeka ngesikhathi sokuya esikhathini.
Ukuphikiswa kwemisinga yenkolo
Ngokuthatha inkolo njengokusekelwa kwamasiko abukhali, kanye nokuveza ukwenqatshwa kwezinkolelo ezicindezela umuntu wesifazane, ukuyithatha njengento eyisono.
Abakhiqizi abakhulu benhlangano yabesifazane
U-Andrea Dworkin
Wayengumlobi waseMelika olwela amalungelo abesifazane. Izihloko ezisemqoka lapho umzabalazo wabo ubugxile kuzo yilezi: izithombe zocansi, ukuziphatha okubi ngokobulili kanye nobulili njengesibonelo sokuqiniswa kwamandla wezinzalamizi. Umsuka wenzondo yakhe kubantu besilisa ususelwa ekuphathweni kabi nguyise nomyeni wakhe wokuqala.
Usungule esihlokweni ukuthi kungani ubufazi buphikisana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, futhi isizathu sancishiselwa kulokho, Kulolu daba lokulalelwayo, kuthiwa abesifazane bayathanda ukuphathwa kabi, ukuphoqwa nokuhlukunyezwa; ukuthumela umyalezo wokuthi abesifazane bathi cha, kodwa bafuna ukuthi yebo.
URobin morgan
Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-60, ukunikela kwakhe nokubamba iqhaza kwakhe bekuyinto ebalulekile enhlanganweni yabesifazane baseMelika, njengoba wayengumsunguli wezinhlangano eziningana, futhi wabamba iqhaza emibhikishweni eminingi.
UValerie Solanas
Umbhali waseMelika, okutholakala ukuthi une-schizophrenia, waziwa ngokubhalwa kwalo msebenzi: "Manifesto SCUM" (scum igama lesiNgisi elihumusha ungqimba lwenhlabathi), lapho kubizwa khona ukubhujiswa kwabantu. UValerie uvela ekhaya elihlukumezayo, lapho ayekade eyisisulu sokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi nguyise.
USheila jeffreys
Owesifazane ovela emgqeni wokuhlukanisa abesilisa nabesifazane, umzabalazo wakhe ubhekiswe ekusekelweni kwenhlangano yamalungelo abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo, njengesenzo sokuphendula ngokwenqatshwa okwenziwe inzalamizi futhi i i-homophobia. Ucabanga ukuthi indlela yokugqoka neyekhanda imele uhlobo lokuzithoba kubukhokho. Ngokunjalo, uveza ukuthi i-transsexualism, masochism kanye nokubhoboza kuyizimpawu zodlame lwezinzalamizi olubhekiswe kwabesifazane.
Ukuhamba kwegazi kwamahhala
Ukuzijwayeza kwavela ngaphakathi kwenhlangano enamandla yabesifazane, equkethe ukopha ngokukhululeka ngesikhathi sokuya esikhathini. Labo abangabasekeli bale nhlangano bayakwenqaba ukusetshenziswa kwama-sanitary pads kanye nama-tampon, ukubabheka njengomphumela womphakathi ogcwele imikhuba mayelana nale nqubo yabesifazane. Lo mkhuba wakhuthazwa ngephutha ngumsubathi uKiran Gandhi, okwathi ngo-2014, izithombe zakhe zazisakazwa ngezingubo ezinamachaphaza egazi, zigijima kumjaho waseLondon. Yize engeyona ingxenye yale nhlangano, waqinisa umbono wokuthi imikhiqizo yenhlanzeko yabesifazane iyisici sokucindezelwa kwezinzalamizi.
Ukubusa komuntu njengendlela yokuzivikela
Abesifazane abaningi ababeyingxenye yale nhlangano bahlukunyezwa yindoda, noma baba nozwelo ngalezi zenzo. Ngokuya ngocwaningo lwengqondo, abantu bavame ukusabela ezenzakalweni ezihlukumezayo ngokwakha izindlela zokuzivikela, futhi esimweni salokhu, indlela yokubhekana nokuhlukunyezwa kwabo kwakuwukuqondisa kabusha intukuthelo yabo ekuthuthukiseni inhlangano okwakungukuhlasela okuqondile kwisibalo sowesilisa.
Ngokwalo mbono, kuyaqondakala ukuthi ukwenziwa radicalization kwalokho okwakungumzabalazo wabesifazane kwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi udaba lodlame nokuhlukunyezwa akwenzelwa inkinga yokubandlululwa ngokocansi, kunamadoda amaningi aseke ahlukunyezwa. Ngalesi sizathu, ukwenza umuntu abe yisitha, kusisusa ethubeni lokunikeza isisombululo esinembile, okusiholela ekunqandeni ukuhlukunyezwa nezenzo zobudlova abantu ababhekene nazo kungakhathalekile ubulili babo.
Udlame alulwa ngodlame.
Hlobo luni lwesihloko lesi, siqhathanisa ukuqothulwa kohlanga kanye nodlame oludlulele kanye nezenzo, ngokuqinisekile ezimweni ezinonya, zombutho olwela kakhulu amalungelo nokulingana, kanye nokufuna ukucacisa ukuthi leli gama lihle... alinakucatshangwa.
Ngicaphuna, «Nakuba abanye becabanga ukuthi lokhu ukuqhathanisa okuyihaba, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ezimweni eziningi kunjalo, nokho, akunakuphikwa ukuthi abesifazane abathile beqa imingcele enengqondo ekuvikeleni amalungelo abo ... ngenxa yalesi sizathu bavame bathole ukukhishwa kwemikhuba yokucindezela abobulili obuhlukile.” Njengoba umbhali esho, kuyisiqhathaniso esiyihaba, kodwa uyazama ukukuthethelela futhi akuhlobanise nobuNazi ngoba abanye abantu besifazane “banemikhuba yokucindezela abobulili obuhlukile” okumele kuphawulwe, angalokothi ayisho esihlokweni sakhe. Ukubulala, ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukuxhashazwa kanye nakho konke ukuhlukunyezwa okungabaleki okwenziwa amaNazi kuqhathaniswa nokugconwa nokugxekwa abanye abantu besifazane abangawenza ngamadoda.
Kulesi sihloko ngibona kuphela ukuhlukumezeka okulula umlobi akwenzayo emadodeni futhi uzama ukunciphisa kokubili ukunyakaza kwabesifazane kanye nokuhlukunyezwa nobudlova abesifazane abaningi abaye bahlupheka ngemisho efana nethi "indaba yobudlova nokuphathwa kabi akuncishisiwe. inkinga yokucwaswa ngokobulili, maningi amadoda ahlukunyeziwe.", ngoba, uma wenze ucwaningo oluthe xaxa ngale ndaba futhi ube nenhloso eyengeziwe, ubuyokwazi ukuthi inhlangano ayilokothi ikuphike lokhu kuhlukumeza noma ikwenze kungabonakali, kodwa kunalokho isekela labo besilisa noma abafana abadlule kulezi zimo ezimbi ukuze bazenzele ukunyakaza futhi baphakamise amazwi abo, kodwa inhlangano yabesifazane iqondiswe ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane, njengeminye imibutho enezinkinga zabo, ngakho-ke ingakhulumi ngezinkinga akuhambisani nokunyakaza kwakho, lokhu kuwumqondo ojwayelekile.
Okokugcina, ngifuna ukugcizelela ukuthi eziningi "izici zesifazane" azikho ngempela ezomuntu wesifazane, umbhali ofanayo usho kanjalo lapho echaza ukuthi umsubathi uKiran Gandhi wayeyingxenye ethile yokunyakaza kwegazi mahhala. Ukusho ukuthi uma owesifazane "enokuziphatha nokugqoka kwabesilisa" kubenza babe besifazane futhi kuyiphutha elibi kakhulu, ngoba ezikhathini eziningi kungenxa yokunethezeka, isitayela noma indlela ekhethwayo yokuziveza.
Ngamafuphi, kunamaphutha angenakubalwa kulesi sihloko, i-subjective kakhulu futhi umbhali udinga ukufunda ukuphenya nokubona "izinhlangothi ezimbili zohlamvu lwemali".