I-Thermometry inesibopho sokukala izinga lokushisa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene, futhi iyisiyalo sokuqala kahle, kusukela ngesikhathi sikaHippocrates, emkhakheni wezokwelapha, kwakukhona ukuqwashiswa kwamazinga okushisa kwemizimba, ngokuthinta, nangokuya umuzwa obonwayo wahlukaniswa ngokuthi "ukushisa okumnandi" noma "umkhuhlane ovuthayo". Kodwa-ke, kwaze kwaba yilapho kuthuthukiswa i-thermometer, nguGalileo Galilei, eminyakeni eyalandela, lapho lo mkhakha wezifundo ushiya amanzi angumbuso, lapho wabamba iqhaza kwezesayensi.
Sonke siyayazi ithemometha njengethuluzi lokulinganisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba, kanye nemvelo, kodwa Isebenza kanjani? Ngabe izikali ze-thermometric zivelaphi? Kepha ngaphambi kokuphendula le mibuzo, kubalulekile ukucacisa umqondo wokuguquguquka esikulinganisayo, kulokhu, izinga lokushisa.
Ithempelesha, iyunithi eliyisisekelo lesikali se-thermometric
Lapho uqamba igama lokushisa, ngokuqinisekile ucabange ngenani lokushisa, kodwa-ke, into yokuqala okufanele uyicabangele yilokho ukushisa akufani nokushisa, yize kunjalo, zombili izinto eziguqukayo zixhunyaniswe ngokusondelene.
Ukushisa inani lamandla okudluliswa kwalo kuhlotshaniswa ne-gradient yokushisa phakathi kwezinhlelo ezimbili, okusho ukuthi izinga lokushisa liyahlukahluka elibeka ukushisa, kepha akusikho ngokushisa uqobo. Izinga lokushisa lihlotshaniswa namandla kinetic, okuyilokho okuchaza ukunyakaza kwezinhlayiya ohlelweni, futhi kuze kube sezingeni lapho kunokuyaluzela okukhulu ekuhambeni kwezinhlayiya, ubukhulu obukhulu buzoba ubukhulu obukhiqizwa yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi “izikali ze-thermometric ”.
I-thermometer, isisekelo se-thermometry
Njengoba sekushiwo, umsunguli we-thermometer yokuqala kwakunguGalileo Galilei, ukwakheka kwaleli thuluzi kwakusekelwe ekuhlanganeni kwethubhu yengilazi emi mpo, ivaliwe emaphethelweni womabili, iqukethe amanzi lapho kufakwa khona izingilazi eziningi zengilazi ezivaliwe. ngaphakathi. Lokhu kuvumele ukuthi kwenziwe amarekhodi okuqala wokuhluka kwamazinga okushisa. Uketshezi olusetshenziswe kule thermometer yokuqala kwakungamanzi, kodwa-ke, kamuva lwathathelwa indawo utshwala, ngoba amanzi emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu afinyelela endaweni ebandayo, futhi lapho ingcindezi yasemkhathini yahlukahluka, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lamanzi kwaqoshwa, ngaphandle kwalokhu kuzosho ukuthi ukushintshashintsha kwamazinga okushisa.
Phakathi konyaka we-1611 nowe-1613. ISantorio ifaka isilinganiso samanani entweni yomculo kaGalileo. Kodwa-ke, le nsimbi ayizange inikeze imiphumela enembile, ngoba uketshezi lwesilinganiso lwalusengozini enkulu yengcindezi yasemkhathini. Ngonyaka we-1714, uDaniel Fahrenheit wafaka i-mercury esilinganisweni.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-mercury kukhombisa inqubekela phambili enkulu ngokunemba kwensimbi, ngoba ngenxa yokwanda kwayo okuphezulu kokunwetshwa, ukuphazamiseka okubangelwe ukushisa bekubonakala kalula.
Isimiso sokusebenza se-thermometer
Lapho izingxenye ezimbili zohlelo zithintana, okungalindelwa ukuthi ukwehluka kwezici zombili kuzokwenzeka, okuxhunyaniswe nesenzeko sokudlulisa ukushisa phakathi kwazo. Izimo okufanele zihlangatshezwe ukuze uhlelo lube sesilinganisweni esishisayo yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Akufanele kube khona ukushintshana ngokushisa phakathi kwabantu abathintekayo
- Azikho izinto ezincike ekushiseni okufanele zehluke.
I-thermometer isebenza ngaphansi kwe- Isimiso se-Zero se-thermodynamics, esungula ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinto eziguqukayo ezimbili ku-thermal equilibrium. Okusho ukuthi i-mercury, njengoketshezi oluthinteka ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa, lapho ingena ekulinganeni nomzimba noma okuphakathi, inani lakhona lokushisa esifuna ukulazi, lamukela inani lalo lokushisa.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezikali ze-thermometric
Njengoba besesishilo, umbonisi wokuqala wesidingo sokwakha ipharamitha yokukala entweni kaGalileo kwakunguSantorio, owasungula isilinganiso samanani ngaphandle komqondo. Kodwa-ke, lo mcimbi ububaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni lokho manje esikwaziyo njengezikali ze-thermometry.
Ibanga le-Rømer
I-Rømer yisikali esisuselwa ekubandeni nasekubiliseni kwamanzi anosawoti. Lesi sikali okwamanje asisetshenziswa, ngoba asinikezi imiphumela enembile.
Isikali seFahrenheit
UDaniel Fahrenheit wayengumkhiqizi wezinsimbi zobuchwepheshe owabhala i-thermometer yotshwala ngo-1709, kwathi emva kweminyaka wabe esenza i-thermometer yokuqala esekwe kwi-mercury. Lo msunguli wemvelaphi yaseJalimane, wakha isikali se-thermometric esingaqondakali, esinegama lakhe, esinezici ezilandelayo:
- Ayinawo amanani amabi, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho mibono maqondana namazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-0, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukubilisa kwamanzi kwenzeka ngo-212ºF, nokubanda kwawo ngo-32ºF.
- Inembile impela, ngoba isuselwa ekubonweni kwe-mercury thermometer, into ecishe ikhule ngokulingana kulelo banga lokushisa.
- Nge-thermometer yokunemba kwayo, i-Fahrenheit ilinganise ukwehluka kwamazinga okushisa abilayo amanzi ngaphansi kwezimo zengcindezi, futhi yakwazi ukuthola ukuthi iphuzu lokubilisa liyisici sento ngayinye ketshezi.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kusabalale emazweni afana ne-United States kanye ne-United Kingdom.
Isikali seCelsius
Phakathi kwezikali ze-thermometric, lena yathola ukuthandwa okukhulu ngesikhathi sayo. Yasungulwa ngo-1742 yisazi sezinkanyezi saseSweden u-Andrés Celsius, owayithuthukisa ngokuthatha indawo ebandayo yamanzi njengenani eliphansi nephuzu layo elibilayo njengenani eliphakeme. UCelsius wenza uchungechunge lwezigaba eziyi-100 phakathi kwala maphuzu amabili.
Ngokungafani nezinye izikali, i-centrigrade isebenza ngeziqu eziyi-100, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwandiselwe izinjongo zasekhaya, ngoba emkhakheni wesayensi kukhethwa ukusetshenziswa kwesikali sikaKelvin ngokuphelele.
Isikali ngokuphelele
Lesi sikali sibizwa ngokuthi "ngokuphelele", esibheka inani lika-zero ophelele, futhi ukubaluleka kwaso kulele kulesi sici, ngoba asincikile kumaphoyinti angahleliwe, kodwa kunalokho sethula izinga lokushisa njengesibonakaliso se-kinetics yamangqamuzana., Ukuthola inani ngesikhathi lapho kumiswa khona ukunyakaza kwamangqamuzana.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi leli zinga lokushisa lihlotshaniswa nesikali seCelsius, ngoba bobabili baphatha iziqu eziyi-100.
Isikali se-Rankine
Ngo-1859, unjiniyela uWilliam Rankine, waphakamisa lesi sikali, esihlobene neziqu ze-Fahrenheit, ngoba sisingatha ukuphothula iziqu okufanayo, kodwa-ke lesi sikali sikhomba ukuba khona kuka-zero ngokuphelele. Ngokufaniswa, kungashiwo ukuthi ubudlelwano beCelsius-Kelvin bufana noFahrenheit-Rankine.
Ukuguqulwa phakathi kwezikali ze-thermometric
Ukusetshenziswa kokuguqulwa kubaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wokuxazulula izinkinga, kunqunywa iqiniso lokuthi asikwazi ukuqoqa okuguquguqukayo kohlobo oluhlukile. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi imikhakha ehlukene ingaphathwa ngokwezikali ezahlukahlukene ze-thermometric, ubudlelwano sebusunguliwe obuvumela ukuguqulwa kwamanani.
- I-Fahrenheit (ºF) - I-Rankine (ºR)
=F = ºR- 460
- I-Celsius (ºC) - uKelvin (ºK)
ºC = ºK- 273
- I-Celsius (ºC) - Fahrenheit (ºF)
=C = (ºF-32) / 1,8