Ushintsho, lokhu kuyigama eliyisihluthulelo elinquma amandla enguquko ahambisa ukuvela kwezinqubo, lapho izinto ezithile zihlanganisiwe zinika izinhlanganisela ezintsha. Phambilini, uma kunikezwe ukwahluka okwakubonwa ohlelweni, kwasetshenziswa amagama aqinile njengokucekelwa phansi nokunyamalala., kepha umthetho ongenakuphikwa ukuthi udaba alwenziwe, futhi aluchithwa, luyaguqulwa, Futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho ukungabikho kwento kutholwa, lokhu kusho ukuthi yaba yingxenye yesinye isakhi.
Izinguquko zamakhemikhali zibandakanya ukuguqulwa kwezinto zibe amakhemikhali amasha, okuthi yize kuyinhlanganisela yezinto zokuqala kungaletha izakhiwo ezihluke ngokuphelele. Kunezinqubo lapho ukuguqulwa kuguquka khona, okungukuthi, ngokukhwabanisa kwemishini singahlukanisa futhi / noma sihlehlise ushintsho ukuthola izinto zokuqala (ushintsho lomzimba), lokhu akulona udaba lokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali, ngoba ukungaguquguquki kwenqubo, ngakho-ke imikhiqizo etholakele ayinakubuyiselwa ezintweni zayo zokuqala.
Ukusabela kokushintsha kwamakhemikhali
Konke ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuholela ekushintsheni kohlobo lwamakhemikhali lapho izinto ezisabelayo ziguqulwa zibe yimikhiqizo emisha ngokushintsha ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana, kanye nokuhlangana kwamabhondi awo.
Isimiso sokunquma kuzinqubo zamakhemikhali sichazwa yi umthetho wokongiwa kwemisa ye-Lavoisier, enquma ukuthi isamba esiphelele, ezinqubweni zezinguquko zamakhemikhali, sihlala singaguquki, okusho ukuthi inani lesisindo esisetshenziswe kuma-reactants kufanele libonakale emikhiqizweni.
Izici zemikhiqizo etholwe ekushintsheni kwamakhemikhali zincike ezintweni ezahlukahlukene:
Inani lama-athomu: Inani lama-athomu akhona enkompolo ngayinye linomthelela omkhulu kumkhiqizo wokugcina, njengoba kunquma inani lezibopho nemvelo yazo, kanye nokuthonya ngqo ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana enkomponi entsha. Ngokubheka njengesibonelo ukuthi i-element carbon enama-athomu ama-valence ama-2 isabela nge-oxygen (eyenzeka ngendlela engafani), umphumela walokhu kuphendula kuzoba yi-carbon monoxide (CO) eyigesi enobuthi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma sicabanga ngesimo esifanayo, kepha kulokhu sine-element element carbon nge-valence ye-4, umphumela wokuphendula kuzoba yi-carbon dioxide (CO2), okuyigesi ebalulekile ezinkambisweni ezinjenge-photosynthesis nokuphefumula.
Ithempelesha: Abaningi bakubheka njengesici esinqumayo ekukhuleni kokuphendula, ngoba inani elithile lamandla liyadingeka ukuze inqubo iqale. Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kuhumusha ekukhuleni kwejubane lokuphendula, kungakhathalekile ukuthi kuyabheda noma kuphelile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, njengoba izinga lokushisa landa, inani lama-molecule anamandla alingana noma amakhulu kunamandla wokwenza kusebenze lenyuka, ngaleyo ndlela kukhuphule inani lokushayisana okusebenzayo phakathi kwama-athomu.
Amandla okuheha nawokubuyisa: Ubukhulu obubonakalayo, obubuye baziwe njengeshaja kagesi, obunquma amandla ahehayo noma axosha inhlanganisela, kucatshangelwa indawo yawo kazibuthe. Lokhu kunquma ikhono le-matter ukwabelana ngama-photon.
Ukugxila: Ukuhlushwa kwezinto ezibandakanyekayo kuyisici esinqumayo ekutholakaleni kwempendulo, ngoba ukuphakama kokuhlushwa kunamathuba amakhulu okuhlangana.
Izici zokushintsha kwamakhemikhali
- Azinakulungiswa, okusho ukuthi uma ama-reagents esehlanganisiwe enza imikhiqizo emisha, ukwahlukana kube izingxenye zawo zoqobo akunakwenzeka.
- Ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana ezinhlobo ezibambe iqhaza kuguqulwa ngokuwahlanganisa.
- Zidinga, bese nazo zingakhipha amandla.
- Isisindo esiphelele sihlala singaguquguquki.
- Ukuguqulwa kwenzeka kuzici zesici sokwaziswa: ukuncibilika, iphuzu lokubilisa, ukuncibilika nobuningi.
Izinkomba zokuthi ushintsho lwamakhemikhali lwenzekile
Ukuze wehlukanise lapho siphambi koshintsho lwamakhemikhali, uchungechunge lwezinto okufanele lubhekwe lubhalwe ngezansi:
- Ubukhona besidumbu noma ukuqhuma: Lapho izinto ezimbili zixubekile, singahlukanisa ukuthi ukusabela kwenzeke, uma sibona ubukhona besidumbu, okusho ukuthi ezinye zezinto ezintsha ezakhiwe azincibiliki.
- Ukushintsha kombala: Noma ngabe sengeza isibonisi enhlanganisweni, noma uma senza kuphela inhlanganisela yama-reactants, kujwayelekile ukubona ushintsho kumbala wokuqala wenhlanganisela lapho kwenzeka izinguquko zamakhemikhali.
- Ukuvela kwegesi: Izikhathi eziningi emikhiqizweni yokusabela sithola amagesi akhishelwa emvelweni.
- Izinguquko ezakhiweni eziyisisekelo: Enye indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi uguquko lwamakhemikhali lwenzekile ngokulinganisa izakhiwo ezifana ne-asidi, iphunga, izinto kazibuthe noma zikagesi. Ukuhluka kuzo kunquma ukwakheka komkhiqizo omusha.
- Ukumuncwa kokushisa noma ukukhululwa: Kulinganiswa kalula njengokuhluka okuzenzakalelayo ekushiseni kwenhlanganisela.
Izibonelo
- Ukuguqulwa kokhuni noma kwephepha kube umlotha lapho kufakwa emthonjeni wokushisa.
- Ukugaywa kokudla, lapho izakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ziguqulwa zibe amafomu alula, ukuze umzimba uthole izakhamzimba ezidingekayo.
- Ingxube yezithako zokwenza isinkwa, nokupheka kwaso okwalandela.
- Ukuguqulwa kwewayini kube uviniga.
- Ukuvutshelwa kobisi ukukhiqiza iyogathi.
- Ukuguqulwa komoya-mpilo ube yisikhutha, ekushintshaneni okukhiqizwa egazini ku-alveoli yamaphaphu.
Lo mbhalo muhle kakhulu, ukuthi anginakho ukungabaza ngoba kimi kubonakala sengathi ikhemikhali liyashintsha ekwakheni isakhi samakhemikhali, ngokuphambene nalokho okushiwo lapha, LINGABUYISWA emuva, amanzi angahlukaniswa abe yi-H2 ne-0 ngoba mina ufunde ukuthi Esikhathini esizayo, le nqubo izosetshenziswa ezimotweni, kuzokwenzeka okufanayo futhi ngohlelo lwe-photocatalyst oluzodiliza ukungcola kube izingxenye zalo ezingenabungozi emadolobheni.