Yiziphi izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zesibonakhulu?

Ngaphambi kokwazi izingxenye ezakhiwe ngemicroscope, kubalulekile ukuthi sazi ukuthi yini le nto nokuthi ivelaphi, eyafika yashintsha izifundo zebhayoloji esintwini, ukuqonda, ngokomthetho, ukuthi lokhu kuyithuluzi elisivumela ukuthi bheka izakhi.okanye izinto ezincane kakhulu, okuyi

Umlando omncane

Ukusungulwa kwesibonakhulu kusalindelekile. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokukhulunywa ngomthengisi waseDashi ogama lakhe lingu-Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, owaziwa njengo ubaba we-microbiology, Ngenxa yokutholakala kwakhe kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi nokwenza ngcono ama-microscopes, into yokuqala yokwakhiwa empeleni yavela ezandleni zomkhiqizi wezibuko zamehlo odabuka eDutch, obizwa ngoZaccharias Janssen noyise uHans Janssen.

Lokhu kwenzeka cishe ngonyaka we-1590. Kwakuyimicroscope ehlanganisiwe eyayineshubhu elingama-45 cm ubude kanye no-5 cm ububanzi ngelensi ye-convex ekugcineni ngakunye. Cishe ngo-1673 umDashi u-Antoni Van Leeuvenhoek, owayengumthengisi wendwangu ngaphandle kwezifundo, waba nentshisekelo ekubonisweni okuncane kokuphila, okwaholela ekubeni azenzele ama-microscopes alula futhi ngaleyo ndlela abe usosayensi ozingela amagciwane.

Abanye bathi wenza amalensi angaphezu kwama-500 ngezandla zakhe, ngawo angakhulisa usayizi wokuqala wamagciwane kuze kube izikhathi ezingama-500. UVan Leeuwenhoek unconywa ngokutholwa kwamagciwane, i-protozoa futhi ngokusho kwezinye izincwadi futhi isidoda.

Ukwahlukaniswa kwesibonakhulu

Kunezinhlobonhlobo zama-microscopes azihlukanisa ngokwezinto ezithile ezibalulekile.

• Ngokuya ngenombolo yamalensi: Okulula futhi Okuhlanganisiwe.
• Ngokuya ngohlelo lokukhanyisa: I-Optical, i-Electronic, ukukhanya kwe-UV, ukukhanya okukhanyisiwe, i-Fluorescence
• Ngokuya ngokudluliswa kokukhanya: Ngokukhanya okudlulisiwe, Kokukhanya okukhanyayo
• Ngokuya ngenani lezingqimba zamehlo: I-monocular, i-Binocular, i-Trinocular
• Ngokuya kokucushwa kwezinto: Idijithali, i-Stereoscopic

Kukhona nezinye izinhlobo zama-microscopes anjenge: inkambu emnyama, ukuhlangana okusobala nokuhluka kwesigaba.

Izingxenye zemakhroskophu

Ukunquma izingxenye zemicroscope sikhuluma ngezinhlelo ezimbili: i-mechanical system kanye ne-optical system.

Ngokuqondene ne Uhlelo lwemishini, ebizwa nangokuthi ifreyimu, inesimo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Kunamamodeli amakhulu, aphakathi nendawo amancane noma aphathekayo. Lapho ama-greats enesikweletu sakhe zonke izinto ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi wobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuvumela ukushintshaniswa kwezingxenye nezesekeli ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene kakhulu.

Ngaphandle kosayizi wazo, zinezici ezifanayo nezingxenye lapho izakhi zokwakha zigcina amasampuli ukuthi afundwe aqondaniswe kahle futhi anikeze ukuzinza kuzinsizakusebenza. Lezi zingxenye yilezi:

• Isisekelo noma unyawo:

Imvamisa yilo ucezu olukala kakhulu ukukwazi ukunikeza ibhalansi edingekayo nokuzinza okubalulekile ngesikhathi kwenziwa ucwaningo. Itholakala ezansi kwesibonakhulu futhi ezinye izakhi zibekwe kuso. Kufaka ezinye izitobhi zenjoloba ezansi ukuvimbela imicroscope ukuthi ishibilike ebusweni lapho itholakala khona.

• Ingalo:

Ucezu oluphakathi lwesibonakhulu oluxhuma zonke izingxenye zalo futhi lwenze uhlaka lwe-microscope. Iphethe ukuxhuma indawo lapho isampula ibekwa khona nocezu lwamehlo lapho kungabonakala khona. Amalensi ahlukene atholakala kusibonakhulu axhumene nengalo, inhloso kanye nohlamvu lwamehlo

• Platen:

Isampula okufanele libhekwe lifakwa lapho. Indawo emi mpo yale ndawo ku maqondana namalensi enhloso Kuyinto adjustable ngokusebenzisa ngezikulufo ezimbili eziseduze kakhulu base. Isiteji sinembobo enkabeni lapho kukhanyiswa khona isampula. Kukhona futhi izibopho ezimbili ezinamathiselwe kulokhu.

• Udlawana:

Zilungisiwe esiteji futhi zivumela isampula ukuthi ligcinwe endaweni eqondile.

• Isikulufu esikhulukazi:

Umsebenzi wawo ukulungisa ukuma mpo kwesampula maqondana nenhloso. Isetshenziselwa ukuthola indlela yokuqala ebese igcwaliswa ngesikulufa esilandelayo esibizwa nge-micrometric.

• Isikulufu seMicrometric:

Inokunemba okwengeziwe ngakho-ke isetshenziselwa ukufeza ukugxila kwesampula ngqo. Ukulungiswa kwayo kufanele kwenziwe kancane ukunyakaza okuqondile kwe-platen.

• Hlanganisa:

Kuyingxenye ejikelezayo lapho izinhloso zifakwe khona. Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi inhloso ngayinye inezici ezithile, okungukuthi, ngayinye inika ukwanda okuhlukile. Futhi kungavolovolo lapho okungafaneleka khona okufaneleke kakhulu ngokuya ngokufanele ngesikhathi sokufunda. Imvamisa ivolovolo likuvumela ukuthi ukhethe phakathi kwezinhloso ezintathu noma ezine ezihlukile.

• Ishubhu:

Njengoba igama lalo lisho, iyishubhu enamathiselwe engalweni yesibonakude evumela ukuxhumana phakathi kocezu lwamehlo nezinhloso. Kuyingxenye yokwakhiwa okuyingxenye ebalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukuhleleka okulungile kwezinto ze-optical.

Sesizichazile izinto ezakha uhlelo lwemishini yesibonakhulu. Manje sizokwazi i izingxenye zohlelo lwe-optical. Lolu hlelo luphethe ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okwanele okudingekayo ngokocwaningo oluzokwenziwa.

Izingxenye zohlelo lwe-Optical

• Ukugqama noma umthombo wokukhanya:

Kuyiqiniso elibalulekile ngoba yilokho okwenza ukukhanya okuqondiswe kusampula. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-microscope, ukukhanya kwesibani esikhishwe yi-spotlight kuqondiswe esibukweni isikhathi sisiphambukisela kusampula. Indawo yokugxila izoncika ekutheni kungukukhanya okuboniswayo noma imakhroskophu yokukhanya edlulisiwe.

• I-Condenser:

Iphethe ukugxila kwimisebe yokukhanya evela ekugxileni kwisampula. Imvamisa lezi ziyahlukahluka ngakho-ke i-capacitor ishintsha ukuqondisa kwayo, ibaholele ekutheni ifane noma iguquke.

• I-diaphragm:

Le ngcezu ivumela ukulawula inani lokukhanya elingena kusampula. Ngalesi senzo sokulawula ukukhanya, inketho iyavulwa ukushintsha umehluko lapho isampula ligcinwa khona. I-diaphragm itholakala ngaphansi kwesiteji futhi iphuzu layo elilungile lincike ohlotsheni lwesampula olubonwe kanye nokwenza izinto obala.

• Injongo:

Le nto isethi yamalensi asondele kakhulu kusampula, akhiqiza isigaba sokuqala sokukhulisa. Izinhloso zibekwe kusibhamu, ngaleyo ndlela kuvumela ukukhethwa kwenhloso efanelekile yokukhulisa okudingekayo. Banokwanda nokuvulwa kwamanani abavuma ukuthi kubhalwe ohlangothini lwabo. Ngokwemvelo ubude bayo obugxile kakhulu bufushane kakhulu.

• I-Ocular:

Ngemuva kokuthi inhloso ihlinzekele isigaba sokuqala sokukhulisa, into yeso eye yinto ebonakalayo enikeza isigaba sesibili sokwandiswa kwesithombe. Lokho kungukuthi, futhi kukhulisa isithombe esake sakhuliswa ngenhloso phambilini, yize ukukhulisa okunikezwe ngumboni weso kungaphansi kwaleyo yenhloso, kungalesi sizathu ukuthi kungenzeka empeleni bagcine isampula. Yilapho kwenzeka khona ukuhlukaniswa kwama-microscopes angama-monocular, binocular kanye ne-trinocular. Ukuqonda lapho ukuthi ukukhuliswa okuphelele kwe-microscope kunikezwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwenhloso nocezu lwamehlo.

• I-prism ebonakalayo:

Ngokusho kweminye imibhalo yezokwelapha, amanye ama-microscopes afaka ama-prism akwazi ukulungisa lapho ukukhanya kukhanya khona. Into ebalulekile esimweni semicroscopes ene-binocular, ngoba i-prism ihlukanisa umsebe wokukhanya ovela enhlosweni bese uqondiswa ezinhlamvini zamehlo ezimbili ezihlukene.

Ngakho konke lokhu okushiwo ngenhla, singaqiniseka ngezinto eziyingxenye yesibonakhulu, okuyithuluzi elibalulekile ekutadisheni kwamagciwane amancane anomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ubuntu nasekucwaningeni izifo Kanye nokwelashwa kwayo okungenzeka, okungabonakali ngamehlo womuntu, kwaba yinto ebalulekile yezenzo zesayensi. I-microscope yasungulwa njengenye yezentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu kwezesayensi futhi eyashintsha indlela umhlaba owawubukwa ngayo.