Liyini iseli lezilwane? - Isakhiwo, izingxenye nemisebenzi

Amaseli ayizingxenye zokwakheka nezomzimba ezitholakala kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, ezivumela ukusebenza nokuthuthuka kwazo okufanele. Lokhu kwehlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili, ama-prokaryote nama-eukaryote, lapho okwedlule kutholakala emakhothameni nakumabhaktheriya; kanti owesibili ezitshalweni, ezilwaneni, ku-protists nasefungi.

Phakathi kwama-eukaryote sithola iseli lesilwane, elichazwa ngokuthi lokho okwakha izicubu ezikhona ezilwaneni. Esizokhuluma ngayo eminye imininingwane ethakazelisa njengokuhleleka kwayo noma izingxenye zayo, ukusebenza kwalowo nalowo wazo nomehluko namanye amaseli e-eukaryotic.

Mayelana nokusebenza kwamangqamuzana ezilwane ngokujwayelekile, lawa, njengamanye amaseli, afeza inhloso yokusiza ekusebenzeni okulungile kwezinqubo ezibalulekile ukuze kube khona izilwane; ngokwesibonelo, bayangenelela ekwakheni izindwangu, bakhombe ukuzwa, phakathi kokunye.

Yini ukwakheka noma izingxenye zeseli lesilwane?

Kunezigidigidi zamaseli ezilwaneni nasebantwini, lapho ngalinye linesakhiwo esakhiwa i- imvilophu yeseli, i-cytoplasm ne-cell cell. Ngokulandelayo, ngaphakathi kubo kungenzeka ukuthola izingxenye zeseli nokuthi ngayinye ifeza umsebenzi othile.

Iseli noma ulwelwesi lwe-plasma

Kutholakala emvilophini yeseli, ichaza njengengxenye yangaphandle yamaseli, ewahlukanisa futhi, bese, isebenza njengohlelo lokuvikela nokulawula lalokho okungaphuma noma okungaphumi kubo.

I-cytoplasm

Ngokwengxenye yayo, i-cytoplasm itholakala phakathi kwe- i-nucleus yeseli lesilwane ulwelwesi oselushiwo ngenhla; enenombolo enkulu yama-organelles ahlangabezana nezinhloso ezahlukahlukene. Yakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili, enye yangaphandle (eduze kolwelwesi) nengaphakathi (eduze ne-nucleus) futhi, nayo, iqukethe inethiwekhi yezinambuzane ezizuzisa izinqubo zamakhemikhali ezenzeka kuyo.

Inhloso yale ngxenye yeseli ukugcina izindlu ezishiwo kanye nokusiza ekukhuleni kwazo okufanele. Phakathi kwabo kungenzeka ukuthola i-reticle amaseli we-endoplasmic abushelelezi futhi amabi, ama-centrioles, ama-ribosomes, ama-lysosomes, ama-mitochondria, kanye nezinsimbi ze-golgi.

I-reticulum ebushelelezi futhi emangele endoplasmic.

I-endoplasmic reticulum ichazwa njenge- ulwelwesi isethi ezakha uhlelo oluxhunyanisiwe, olutholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zeseli lesilwane ngokwemisebenzi okufanele yenziwe. Lokhu kungahlukaniswa kabili, okubushelelezi nokubi noma i-endocrine.

• Ubushelelezi bubhekisa kulowo onhloso yakhe ukuhlanganisa iningi lama-lipids atholakala kulwelwesi lweseli kanye nalawo aqukethe ezinye izakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi kuyingxenye yenqubo yokukhipha noma ukumunca icala njengoba kudingeka.
• Ngokwengxenye yayo, i-rough inesibopho sokwenza amaprotheni alungele ukuhanjiswa ayiswe kwezinye izingxenye zeseli, lapho amanye awo, njengezixhobo zikaGolgi, angasebenza njengendlela yokuwathumela ngaphandle kweseli.

AmaCentrioles

Ngaphakathi kwe-cytoskeleton kungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale ama-centrioles, angama-organelles enza umsebenzi wokuhambisa izinhlayiya noma amanye ama-organelles esitokisini, ngenelela enqubeni yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, zigcina isimo seseli neminye imisebenzi eminingi.

• I-Centrosome: Ama-centrioles aphethe ukujoyina ndawonye ukwenza "ama-diplosomes" phakathi kwawo amabili, okuthi, ukuba ndawonye nezinto ze-pericentriolar, kube yi-centrosome, ephethe ukuhlela ama-microtubules.
• Ama-Ribosomes: Ama-Ribosomes akhona ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zeseli lezilwane, njenge-endoplasmic reticulum noma i-mitochondria. Lokhu kugcwalisa umsebenzi wabahumushi, ohlanganisa amaprotheni kusuka kulwazi olutholwe ku-messenger RNA.

ILysosomes

Lezi zivame ukutholakala kumaseli ukuthi ukuhlangabezana nenhloso yokubhekana nezifo; ngoba iqukethe ama-enzyme e-hydrolytic wokugaya ukudla, avumela ukonakala kwama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, itholakala kuphela kumaseli e-eukaryotic.

Mitochondria

Ukucabangela injini evumela ukuthi iseli lisebenze, ngoba liguqula izakhi zomzimba zibe uphethiloli wamaseli; eyakhiwa i-ATP, okungamandla we-adenosine triphosphate.

Isisetshenziswa sikaGolgi

Yileso simiso sezinambuzane esitholakala ngaphakathi kweseli ukuze kusatshalaliswe futhi kuguqulwe amaprotheni ahlanganiswe ku-reticulum enokhahlo noma ye-endocrine.

Ingqamuzana leseli

I-organelle ibizwa nge-nucleus yeseli esenkabeni yamaseli ezilwane futhi lwakhiwa ulwelwesi lwenyukliya, i-nucleoplasm, i-chromatin ne-nucleolus.

• Ulwelwesi noma imvilophu yenuzi: Siqukethe isakhiwo esivikela noma esinqamula i-nucleus kusuka kwezinye izingxenye ezakha ingqamuzana lesilwane, elihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: ingxenye yangaphakathi nengxenye yangaphandle. Umsebenzi wawo ukuhlinzeka isikhala esidingekayo sokubhalwa kwe-DNA ku-RNA futhi, nokuvumela imininingwane evela ku-RNA ukuthi ihunyushelwe kumaprotheni.
• I-Nucleoplasm: Uyaziwa nangokuthi i-cariplasma noma i-cytosol yenuziYi "semi-liquid" etholakala engxenyeni yangaphakathi ye-cell cell; lapho kutholakala khona i-chromatin ne-nucleoli. Lokhu kuhloswe ngakho ukuvumela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka ku-nucleus.
  • I-Chromatin: Into efaka lezo zinto ezakha ufuzo, okungukuthi, amaphakethe, i-DNA ne-RNA yama-chromosomes eukaryotic, ibizwa nge- "chromatin".
  • I-Nucleolus: I-nucleolus iyisakhiwo esingaphansi kolwelwesi esiqonde ukuloba kwe-RNA nokwakhiwa kwama-ribosomes; Ngenxa yalokhu, izinqubo ezifana nokuhlanganiswa kwe-ARENr noma ukuhlangana kwamaprotheni kuyangenelela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibuye ifeze imisebenzi efana nokulawula umjikelezo wamaseli, iqondise izimpendulo zawo zokuxineka futhi ingenelele nasekugugeni kwawo.

Lezi yizingxenye zamaseli eukaryotic akhona ezilwaneni nasemisebenzini ngayinye; Siyethemba ukuthi imininingwane ibilula ukuqondakala futhi noma yimiphi imibuzo, ibhokisi lokuphawula liyatholakala ukuze ulisebenzise. Sikumema ukuthi wabelane ngokuqukethwe kumanethiwekhi wakho omphakathi, mhlawumbe omunye wabangani bakho angaba nentshisekelo.