Amakhowe izinto eziphilayo zombuso fungus, okubandakanya izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-100.000 zesikhunta, futhi phakathi kwezinto ezivamile kungashiwo ukuthi azikhiqizi i-chlorophyll, zinikezwa thallus (izicubu zamanga), ngokuvamile ezi-filamentous ne-branched, ezisetshenziselwa ukumunca izakhamzimba ezivela emvelweni, ziyizinhlobo ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kakhulu futhi ukuzala kwazo kuvame ukwenziwa ngezinhlamvu (asexual). Amakholoni amafungal achazwa njengezakhiwo zemifino ngoba akhiwe ngamaseli abamba iqhaza ekotabolism nasekukhuleni.
Ziyingxenye yongqimba lwezinto zokubola, ezixhasa impilo, ngoba ngokunxenxa ukubola kwezidalwa eziphilayo, zivumela izakhi ezibhajwe ezicutshini ukuthi ziphinde zijikeleze ekuphindukuzalwa kabusha kwamangqamuzana. Ngokwesenzo sayo, ikhabhoni idedelwa ingene emkhathini ngesimo se-carbon dioxide (CO2), i-nitrogen ngesimo se-nitrous oxide (N2O) noma i-nitrogen yamangqamuzana (N2), kule nqubo ukukhishwa kwamaminerali emhlabathini nakho kwenzeka ngesimo se-ion.
Izici ezijwayelekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zesikhunta
Njengezitshalo, zonke izinhlobo zesikhunta zikhona izinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic, okusho ukuthi ama-cell nuclei awo aqukethe ulwelwesi. Kodwa-ke, isikhunta sinenhlanganisela yezici ezibabeka embusweni ohlukile.
Isikhunta iningi laso linama-multicellular futhi liqukethe imicu emide, eyaziwa njenge hyphae, kubizwe izindonga zangaphakathi septa, ezihlukanisa zibe ngamaseli, lezi zakhiwo zivame ukuba nepore ephakathi nendawo enkulu ngokwanele ukuvumela ukuhamba kwama-organelles amancane. Ziyizinto eziphilayo ze-heterotrophic, kepha zinendlela ethile yokuthola izakhamzimba zazo, ngoba zimunca ukudla kuphela lapho sezibolile ngesenzo sazo kuma-molecule alula, awela ulwelwesi lwe-plasma ngenqubo yokusabalalisa lapho engenelela khona amaprotheni ezokuthutha.
Inhlanganisela yezici ezihlobene ne-morphology kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo zesikhunta zibahlukanisa nezinye izinto eziphilayo, phakathi kwazo singasho:
- Cishe bavela kubaphenyi be-flagellate.
- Abanyakazi, okungukuthi, abakwazi ukunyakaza ngokuthanda kwabo.
- Lezi zidalwa zivame dala ubudlelwano namanye ama-ejensi, isibonelo sazo ubulembu, okuvela ekuhlanganyeleni kwesikhunta esine-algae noma ama-bacteria we-photosynthetic. Amacala esikhunta akha ukubumbana kokuhlangana nezinambuzane nawo ayaziwa.
- Ndawonye namagciwane badlala indima ebalulekile ekuqhekekeni kwezinto eziphilayo.
- Isikhunta senza ukubola ngokufihla ama-enzyme abola izinhlanganisela zezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, aziguqule zibe ngama-molecule alula, angahlanganiswa kalula ngulowo osebenzisayo.
- Ukushisa okufudumele nomswakama kukhuthaza ukukhula kwazo.
- Isikhunta sidlala indima ebalulekile embonini yezokudla, njengoba zidlala indima enkulu ekukhiqizeni isinkwa (yebo, imvubelo iyisikhunta), futhi zidlala indima ezinhlelweni zokuvuthwa koshizi ("okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka " ushizi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sikweleta isenzo salezi zinto eziphilayo).
Yazi izinhlobo zamakhowe
Kunemigomo eminingi yokuhlukaniswa, noma kunjalo, uma sibheka umbandela wendabuko singasho ukuthi isikhunta sihlukaniswe ikakhulu ngokucabangela imibuso engaphansi kwayo:
1. I-Kingdom Fungi
Izinhlobo ezichaze imijikelezo yokuphila zitholakala kwenye yalezi phyla ezine: iChytridiomycota, iZygomycota, Ascomycota neBasidiomycota.
I-Phylum Chytridiomycota
Izinhlobo ezingama-700 eziyingxenye yalesi sigaba yizo kuphela izinhlobo zesikhunta ezethula ama-flagellate cell kunoma yisiphi isigaba somjikelezo wempilo yazo, khiqiza izinhlamvu namageyimu eziqhutshwa nge-flagella. Bathuthukisa izindlela eziningana ezibalulekile zamakhemikhali kanye nama-enzyme, futhi banezinye izici zokukhunta ezichazwe ngenhla. Zakhiwa ngamaseli ayindilinga. Imvamisa, zihlala njengezikhunta zamanzi emanzini amasha, emaqabungeni, emagatsheni, noma ezilwaneni ezifile. Ezinye izinhlobo zasolwandle, kanti ezinye zihlala emhlabathini. Lezi zidalwa zibhekene notwayi lwensumpa, isifo esibi esihlasela izilimo eziyizigaxa.
I-Phylum Zygomycota
Lolu hlobo lubangela izinhlobo eziningi zokubola okuthambile ezithelweni kanye nezifo ezimbalwa zezinambuzane ezilwaneni. Zingaphezu kuka-1.000 XNUMX izinhlobo ezihlonziwe kulesi sigaba, lapho izinhlobo zakha khona i-coenocytic hyphae futhi zihlala ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni ezifile, kanye nanoma yiziphi ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezifana nomquba. Futhi bakhulisa ubudlelwane be-endo-symbiotic emgudwini wokugaya ukudla kwama-arthropod athile.
I-Phylum Ascomycota
Kulesi sigaba kukhona lezo zinhlobo eziphila ngokuzimela, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-30.000, nezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-60.000, uma umuntu ebheka lezo eziyingxenye yobulembu. Lezi zinhlobo zibonakala ngoba, ngokungafani nezinye, zikhombisa ukuthanda intuthuko yazo ezindaweni ezingenawo umswakama, yingakho zitholakala emhlabathini owomile. Ama-Ascomycetes ziqukethe isikhunta eziningiIningi lomvubelo nezinhlobonhlobo zesikhunta esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okotshani, obomvana kanye nsundu ezivame ukukhula ngokudla okungalondoloziwe kahle kuleli qembu.
I-Phylum Basidiomycota
Lesi sigaba sinezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwe-14.000 zamakhowe adliwayo, amakhowe anobuthi, ama-phallus anukayo, namakhowe e-gelatinous. Izinhlobo ezijwayele ukubizwa ngolimi oluvame ukubizwa ngamakhowe, amakhowe noma amakhowe ziyahambelana. Amakhowe kuphela ukubonakaliswa komzimba othelayo ophuma emhlabathini nokwenzeka ngesikhathi somjikelezo wempilo wefungus. Ngaphezu kwama-90% wevolumu yefungus angahlala ngaphansi komhlaba ngesimo se-haploid mycelia yezinhlobo ezahlukene zenyunyana. Lezi zinhlobo zona zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amancane ama-5:
- Ama-Boletales: Kubandakanya izinhlobo zamakhowe amakhowe awo anezinyawo nezigqoko nezabo umabhebhana (etholakala ngaphansi kwesigqoko) yakhiwa ngamashubhu nama-pores ahlukaniswa nenyama yesigqoko. Izibonelo zezinhlobo zaleli qembu elincane: I-Paxillus, iGomphidius, iHygrophoropsis.
- I-Agaricales: Kubandakanya amakhowe ajwayelekile anesiqu, isigqoko, i-hymenophore enamafutha nenyama enemicu.
- AmaRussulales: Njengasendabeni yamakhowe we-agaricales, lezi zinhlobo zinenqana kanye nonyawo oluchazwe kahle, amapuleti ngaphansi kwesigqoko, kepha inyama iminyene, iminyene, yokufana okufanayo noshoki omanzi.
- I-Aphillophorales: Isikhunta esinamakhowe ezimo ezihluke kakhulu (imace, induduzo, amagatsha) alapha.
- Ama-Gasterals: Yisikhunta noma amakhowe avame ukusongwa ngesikhumba esimelana noma isibalo esibizwa kanjalo isikhathiImvamisa zine-globular, sphere noma pear shape.
2. IKingdom Stramenopila
I-Phylum Oomycota
Imboza izinhlobo zesikhunta sasemanzini kanye ne-downy isikhutha, okuyizinhlobo eziningi ze-saprophytic, zasemanzini noma zasemhlabeni, kepha, izinhlobo zezinambuzane nazo zingatholakala.
Izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kuleli qembu zisungulwa njengezinto eziphilayo zezitshalo, ezenza umjikelezo wazo ophelele wezinto eziphilayo kumgcini, lapho umoya uyindlela yokuthutha yokusabalalisa izinhlamvu zawo. Izinhlobo zaleli qembu, njengomkhiqizo walokhoizinqubo zokukhiqiza kabusha kwe-asexual, bakha izinhlamvu ezibonisa ifulege, abanazo izindonga zamaseli futhi baneflagella amabili, isiswebhu esisodwa esibushelelezi nentshebe eyodwa. Ngokwengxenye yayo, ukukhiqizwa kabusha kobulili kwenzeka ngenxa ye-oogamy, okuwuhlobo lokuxhumana kwe-gametangial. Ama-nuclei wesilisa adluliswa ngqo nge-pore endaweni yokuxhumana noma ngesandiso se-tubular esibizwa ngokuthi ithubhu lokukhulelwa. Lapho i-gamete yesilisa isihanjisiwe, i-antherryl iyahlakazeka, kuthi ngemuva kokukhulelwa, i-zygotes eyodwa noma ngaphezulu akhule abe yizinhlamvu zokumelana ezibizwa ama-oospores.
I-Phylum Hyphochitridiomycota
Lesi sigaba sakhiwa isikhunta sasemanzini, samanzi ahlanzekile nesolwandle, izimuncagazi ze-algae nesikhunta, futhi kwezinye izimo ngezinhlobo ze-saprophytic. Banamaseli e-motile anefilgellum eyodwa, efakwe ngaphakathi ngaphakathi, nezindonga zamaseli eziqukethe i-chitin, noma kwesinye isikhathi i-cellulose. Kulezi zinto eziphilayo azikho izindlela ezaziwayo zokukhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi; kwezinye izimo, izinhlamvu zokumelana ziyaziwa.
I-Phylum Labyrinthulomycota
Lokhu kwakha uhlobo lwezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezaziwayo, futhi lezo esezifundwe imvamisa ziyizinhlobo zasolwandle. Isigaba semifino simelelwa yi-mixamebae ehlanganisiwe, futhi ekukhiqizeni izinhlamvu ze-asexual i-mixameba iqoqeka ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene ze-pseudoplasmodium futhi ikhulise, ukuze zizungeze ungqimba olubonakalayo futhi luhlukane. Ngale ndlela kwakhiwa ama-zoospores. Ngayinye yalezi zoospores iyabhukuda ize ithole umphathi oyithelele ngemuva kokulahlekelwa yi-flagella yayo.
3. I-Kingdom Protista
Iqembu le-monophyletic, futhi njengoba lihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi kangaka akunakwenzeka ukusungula izici ezichazayo noma ezihlukanisa ngokuphelele, yingakho encazelweni yalo sizokwenza lesi sigaba esilandelayo ngokuya "I-Phylum" ezibaqamba:
I-Phylum Plasmodiophoromycota
wakhe isikhunta esiyisidleke se-algae nezitshalo imithambo yegazi. I-plasmodia yemifino ingaba yi-haploid noma i-diploid, futhi ikhula ngaphakathi kwamaseli omgcini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhiqiza izinhlamvu ezinezindonga zamaseli zazo ikakhulu i-chitin.
I-Phylum Dictyosteliomycota
Lezi zinhlobo zesikhunta se-dichthyostelid slime zivame kakhulu emqubeni, enhlabathini nasezintweni ezibolile zezitshalo. Zivame ukubonwa emvelweni njengoba i-fructization yazo ingumzuzu kanti izigaba zemifino zincane kakhulu. I-thallus imelwe yi-haploid engenayo i-amoeba engenalo udonga lweseli oludla amabhaktheriya yi-phagocytosis. Zibonakala ngokuhlangana kwe-somatic kwama-amoebae ku-pseudoplasmodium.
I-Phylum Acrasiomycota
Amalungu aleli qembu abonakala ngeqiniso lokuthi esigabeni semifino kwakhiwa ukuhlanganiswa kwamaseli angawodwa amenyezelwe agcina futhi abonise umsoco we-phagotrophic. Zitholakala enhlabathini ene-humus ecebile yamasimu kanye namahlathi asezintombazaneni nalawo anqabile. Zintula amaseli we-flagellate futhi i-fructization yazo i-ephemeral kakhulu.
I-Phylum Myxomycota
Izinhlobo zesikhunta ezinama-mucilaginous zakha izinhlamvu, kepha zintula izindonga zamangqamuzana, futhi umzimba uyisisindo esikhulu se-protoplasm esinevolumu yamasentimitha ambalwa ama-cubic aqukethe amakhulu noma izigidi ze-nuclei. zingahamba phezu kwama-substrates, njenge-amoeba, futhi zigaye izakhi zomzimba ezivela ku-substrate njengoba zihamba. Le ndlela yokusebenzisa udaba lwezinhlayiyana ayinakwenzeka ku-fungi eyiqiniso noma ethathwe ngoba izindonga zamaseli abo ziqinile.
Kukhona ukuhlukaniswa okungahambelani izindlela zendabuko ngokususelwa kumbala obonwe ngesibonakhulu sezinhlamvu zefungal.
- I-Leukospore: Kuleli qembu kukhona lawo akhombisa imibala phakathi kwamathoni amhlophe nokhilimu. Isibonelo: ILepiota, iLactarius neCantharellus.
- I-Melanosporos: Izinhlamvu ezimnyama. Isibonelo: I-Panaeoulus.
- I-Rhodosporos: Umbala ngamathoni abomvana. Isibonelo: UPluteus, u-Entoloma noClitopilus.
- Ianthinosporeos: Umbala we-Violet. Isibonelo: IStropharia, iHypholoma
- AmaChlorosporeos: Izinhlamvu ezihlaza. Isibonelo: I-chlorophyllum.
Umsuka wesikhunta
Kunobufakazi bokuthi izidalwa zokuqala ezimbiwa phansi ezinezici ezijwayele isikhunta zakhiwa cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-540 edlule, okuhambisana nesikhathi seCambrian.
Abaningi abazi bekubaluleke ngani isikhunta kumongo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, Kodwa-ke, kwanele ukusho ukuthi iningi Ochwepheshe babheka ukuthi isikhunta kwakuyisiqalo sokuthuthukiswa kwama-multicellularity, isici esivumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezicubu nezitho ezakha izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi njengezitshalo nezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kunemininingwane ekhombisa lokho isikhunta kwakuyizinto zokuqala eziphilayo lokho kuphume emanzini lapho impilo yazalelwa khona ukunqoba izwe, okuvumela ukusungulwa komhlaba kwezitshalo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha yabo kwenziwe kwaba nzima iqiniso lokuthi isikhunta sinemizimba ethambile engagcini kahle, kepha ukusebenza kwezifundo ezithuthukile okususelwa ekuqhathaniseni ukulandelana kwe-amino acid kwamaprotheni angaphezu kwe-100 ajwayele isikhunta, izitshalo nezilwane kuphakamisa ukuthi isikhunta savela njengombuso, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.500 edlule, kanti isikhunta sokuqala kukholakala ukuthi sinamanzi.
Ezimweni zemvelo, izici zokukhula kwesikhunta zibenza babe amakholoni asebenza kahle kakhulu, mhlawumbe kungalesi sizathu imvelaphi yabo ivela kusukela isencane kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo kubangele ukuvela kwezinhlobo eziningi zesikhunta, ngakho-ke ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zazo kusakazeke impela.