Kungenzeka ukuthi ubheke ukuthi ukwenziwa kwendlela yocwaningo kuhlotshaniswa nomkhakha wesayensi kuphela, kodwa-ke, le nkolelo ejwayelekile ayilungile neze, ngoba kuyo yonke imikhakha lapho kwenziwa khona isifundo, ukuhlela nokwenziwa kwezenzo ezihlelekile, ivumela ukwaneliseka kwezinhloso ezibekiwe. Ukuthuthuka kocwaningo kuyindlela ebalulekile, ekhuthaze i- ukunwetshwa kolwazi ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene kusuka ezindabeni zesayensi kuya kwezenhlalo. Ukuphenya kusho ukuhleleka okuhlelekile nokuhlelekile kophenyo maqondana nento noma iqiniso, kulandela inqubo ngokuya ngenhloso ezotholakala.
Lonke ucwaningo lwenziwa ngokusetshenziswa kohlobo olulodwa noma eziningi zezindlela, futhi kuyanquma empumelelweni yalo ukuthi ukukhetha kwalo kuhambisane nezimpawu zocwaningo. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokusebenza kumele kubhekwe ukuthi hlobo luni locwaningo oluzokwenziwa nenhloso okumele izuzwe, ukuze kuchazwe izici ezingaguquguquki kakhulu eziqinisekisa ukuphumelela kocwaningo, lapho kutholakale izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezindlela.
Izinhlobo zezindlela zichazwa ngokucubungula izici zocwaningo olwenziwe, inhloso, uhlobo lwemininingwane eqoqiwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezibalulekile, kanye nokwakhiwa ngakunye kwazo, kungumphumela wesidingo sokuzivumelanisa nendlela ethile ocwaningweni olwenziwe, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwenziwa kocwaningo imiphumela yalo emele futhi ehambisana neqiniso elizungeze ukuthuthuka kwalo.
Indlela eqhubayo
Iyiphi indlela yokungenisa? Noma ngubani ofinyelela eziphethweni kepha asuselwe kokucabangayo futhi asebenzise ukucabanga njalo. Ngokwalokho okungashiwo ngakho ukuthi kuyindlela esebenzisa izakhiwo ezithile ukufinyelela kuleso siphetho, esizoba sesimweni esijwayelekile. Ngakho-ke lisetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni yesayensi. Isibonelo?
- Ubaba wabona impukane emnyama
- Umama wabona impukane emnyama
- Ngabona impukane emnyama.
- Lapho-ke umphumela uzoba ukuthi izimpukane zimnyama. Lapho sinengqikithi noma isici esiyinhloko sendlela eqhubayo futhi ukuthi, isebenzisa indawo, ukufinyelela esiphethweni esijwayelekile.
Ezinye izici zale ndlela zisuselwa ocwaningweni, kusukela kumaqiniso aphathekayo, njengoba siphawule kahle. Yize ngokuvamile zivumelana nezimo ngandlela thile futhi inhloso yazo ukuthuthukisa imibono ethile kanye nemibono futhi kuyazibophezela ekuhlolweni. Ukufinyelela esiphethweni, kuqala kubhekwe, bese kuba nakho, kuhlaziywe, futhi kube yisibonelo.
Isebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kokubonisana ukwenza iziphetho ezilungile mayelana nomcimbi, kusuka kumaqiniso amukelwe njengevumelekile, ukufinyelela iziphetho, okusebenza kwazo kungokwemvelo ejwayelekile, kuqala ngocwaningo lwamaqiniso ngamanye. Njengomphumela wokwenziwa kwayo, kwenziwa iziphetho zomhlaba wonke ezimiswa njengemithetho, imigomo noma izisekelo zethiyori. Izinyathelo ezine ezibalulekile zingahlukaniswa:
- Ukuqaphela imicimbi nezehlakalo, zokubhaliswa kwazo kanye nokucatshangelwa
- Ukuhlukaniswa nokufundwa kolwazi olutholakele, ukuze kwenziwe lula ukuhlaziywa.
- La i-inductive shunt, ukuthi kumaqiniso kuhlanganisa imibono ngawodwana, kuholele ekwakhiweni kwama-paradigms amasha.
- Ukuqhathanisa, noma ukuqhathanisa imiphumela yokuhlaziywa.
Indlela yokudonsa
Kusukela ekuqaleni it finyelela eziphethweni ezinengqondo. Kungaba kusuka kokujwayelekile okubhekisele emithethweni, kuya kokunye okubandakanya amaqiniso kakhonkolo. Ngakho-ke isiphetho sizoba ngaphakathi kwendawo. Ingasetshenziswa ngendlela eqondile noma engaqondile. Owokuqala uzosebenzisa isisekelo esingavivinywa, kanti owesibili uzosebenzisa izakhiwo ezimbili, ngesitatimende somhlaba wonke nesinye. Isibonelo?
- Wonke amakati ayabulala
- Isilwane sakho sasekhaya siyikati
- Isiphetho: Isilwane sakho sasekhaya siyabulala.
Le ndlela yokudonsa ivela kumaGrikhi asendulo. Kusuka ku-Aristotle kuye kuDescartes naye owakhulisa ngaphandle kokukhohlwa uSpinoza noma uLeibniz.
Kususelwa ekusetshenzisweni kokucabanga okunengqondo ukuhlola izakhiwo ezichaza inqubo. Ukusetshenziswa kwalolu hlobo lwendlela kuhlotshaniswa nomqondo wezahlulelo ezincike kwizitatimende ezamukelwe umhlaba wonke kanye nezifundiso, okuthi, yize zingabubeki ngobunono ubudlelwano bazo nesifundo sethu, ngokuhlaziya izici ezijwayelekile esingakha ngazo ibhuloho lokuxhuma phakathi kwezinhlangothi zombili .
Ngokomthetho, ukubanjwa kungashiwo ukuthi kuyisiphetho esenziwe ngaphakathi kokulandelana okuphelele kwamafomula. Isibonelo:
Ake sicabangele into engu-A = 1 nento engu-C = 1. Kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kokukhipha singakuthola ngokususelwa kulesi sitatimende A = C.
Izinyathelo:
- Ukuphenywa kwamafomula kanye nama-theorems ajwayele ukuhlotshaniswa nento esiyifundayo.
- Ukuqaphela into efundwe, nokuhlanganiswa kwedatha nolwazi oludingekayo.
- Ukuhlaziywa nokuqhathaniswa kombono nedatha eqoqiwe.
- Khiqiza ukuncishiswa okususelwa ekuhlonzweni kwemibono ejwayelekile ngemicimbi ethile.
Indlela yokuhlaziya
Okuqukethe hlukanisa noma uhlukanise izingxenye ukuthi konke ofuna ukukuxegisa. Kusukela ngale ndlela ungaqonda kangcono kakhulu zonke izimbangela zayo, kanye nemiphumela, njll. Kufanele wazi kahle ukuthi yini ongayifunda ukuze uqonde kangcono konke okusinikezayo nokusifihlayo. Kakade ukuhlaziywa kwegama kuvela esiGrekini futhi kungahunyushwa njengokubola.
- Uma othile efuna ukwazi ukuthi kungani umuntu eziphatha ngendlela ethile, kufanele aphenye futhi asuse ukunambitheka, ubuntu, indlela yokuphila nakho konke okungaholela kulowo muntu ukuba enze ngaleyo ndlela.
Ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi isici esiyinhloko ukutadisha futhi nokubheka ukufinyelela ekugcineni. Kepha kufanele ukhumbule ukuthi kuvulekile ukuthi ukwazi ukuthola ulwazi oluthe xaxa. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi amaphutha angavela kepha futhi neziphetho. Ngakho-ke kufanele ulinde kancane ukuwavala ngokuphelele, ukwazi ukushintsha lapho besingalindele khona. Amasampula noma izivivinyo zibaluleke kakhulu.
Kuyinqubo yesimo sokuqonda, esivame ukubheka ngokuningiliziwe into yokufunda, kubhekwe ngokwehlukana ingxenye ngayinye ephelele ukuyifunda ngazinye. Indlela yokuhlaziya yenziwa ngokunemba nokunaka imininingwane.
Izinyathelo okufanele zilandelwe:
- Ukuqaphela: Kuqukethe ukubonwa okuningiliziwe kwesenzeko, umcimbi noma umcimbi ocwaningwayo, ukuze kutholakale ulwazi ngawo, olubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezivivinyo nokuhlolwa kokuqoqwa kwedatha.
- Imibuzo: Ukwakheka kwemibuzo mayelana nalokho okubonwayo, kuvumela ukuqondisa nokwakha ucwaningo. Kuqukethe ukukhawulelwa kobubanzi bophenyo, kucatshangelwa ukubonwa okwenziwe ngaphambilini.
- I-hypothesis: Esesithathu yisigaba sokwakha i-hypothesis: ukuthatha yonke leyo mibuzo evele ngemuva kokubukwa, kungaphakanyiswa umbono ochaza okuboniwe ngendlela ejwayelekile.
- Isilingo: Ukwenziwa kokuhlolwa okucatshangwe ngokucophelela, ngokususelwa kulwazi oluqoqwe esigabeni sokubuka, inhloso yakhona ukuhlola umbono ophakanyisiwe.
- Iziphetho: Imiphumela yokuhlolwa iyahlaziywa bese kwenziwa iziphetho, kulesi sigaba umcwaningi uthola ukuthi ngabe umbono ophakanyisiwe ufakazelwe, noma uma kunqatshiwe, kunqunywe yimiphumela yophenyo.
Indlela yokwenza
Kusetshenziselwe ukwakha kabusha umcimbi, kepha njalo ngendlela ethile, ngakho-ke kuncike kulwazi olunembile kakhulu. Isetshenziswa kakhulu kwisayensi, ngoba kukhishwa imithetho ejwayelekile kunayo yonke. Phakathi kwezici zayo ezisemqoka sithola ukuthi yakhiwe ngokususelwa olwazini. Ngoba izohlaziya futhi inikeze ukukhanya ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zazo.
Kuqukethe ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye ezihlakazekile zento yokufunda ukutadisha ngokuphelele. Njengomphumela wokusetshenziswa kwayo, kungenzeka ukusungula, ukuqala kulezi zingxenye, umqondo ojwayelekile futhi ofingqiwe.
- Ukuxazulula imfihlakalo: Okokuqala siqoqa izinkomba, sibheke, sifunde icala, indawo, abantu, sihlanganise lonke ulwazi olutholakele ukuthola isiphetho esixazulula imfihlakalo.
Ukuphela kuzohlala kungukuthuthuka ukuze senze ngendlela engcono kakhulu, sifune iqiniso. Kepha yebo, usebenzisa ukuhlanganiswa noma ikhono ukufingqa konke lokhu, ngakho-ke kufakwe kukho, ukuqonda okuvamile. Silisebenzisa kanjani? Okokuqala siyakubona, bese senza incazelo, ukuze sihlolisise yonke imininingwane esiyibonayo. Ngemuva kokuyidiliza, siyibhala kabusha ukuthola isiphetho.
Indlela ye-Hypothetical-deductive
Kuthiwa ngendlela ephoqa ukuhlanganisa i- ukucabanga okunengqondo ngeqiniso. Ngakho-ke inezinyathelo ezimbili ezidinga isipiliyoni nezimbili ezinengqondo. Ngakho-ke, ukuba nalesi silinganiso, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kulandela inqubo eqhubayo esuselwa ekubukeni, kepha futhi ekhipha isitatimende se-hypotheses. Isibonelo:
- Ukuqaphela: Isifo esisakazeka phakathi kwabantu abasondelene.
- I-Hypothesis: Indlela yokutheleleka ingahle ibe ngamaconsi amathe.
- Ukudonsa: Izinga lokutheleleka phakathi kwabantu abasondele namathe.
- Isilingo: Kufundwa udaba lwabantu abangabodwa abanengxenye ephikisayo.
- Ukuqinisekisa: Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-hypothesis phakathi kwalabo abangenwe yilesi sifo.
Iqukethe inqubo eqala kokunye ukufakazela njengokuqagela futhi ifuna ukuphikisa noma ukuqamba amanga leyo mibono, isusa kuzo iziphetho okufanele zibhekane namaqiniso. Le ndlela iphoqa usosayensi ukuthi ahlanganise ukucabanga okunengqondo, (ngokwakhiwa kwemicabango kanye nokudonswa kwemali), ngokubheka okungokoqobo, okwaziwa njengomzuzu wobuciko.
Izinyathelo:
- Njengezinye izindlela, siqala ngokubheka okuthile.
- Ngemininingwane etholwe esinyathelweni sokuqala, siqhubeka nokusungula umbono wokuchaza lo mkhuba.
- Ukudonswa kwemiphumela noma iziphakamiso, okuyisisekelo kakhulu kune-hypothesis uqobo.
- Ukuqinisekiswa kweqiniso lezitatimende esehlisiwe ukuziqhathanisa nesipiliyoni.
Indlela yokuqhathanisa yomlando
Le nqubo ihlose ukucacisa izehlakalo zamasiko, ukusungula ukufana phakathi kwabo, okuhumusha kube yisiphetho sesiphetho mayelana nokuzalwa kwabo kofuzo, okungukuthi, ngemvelaphi yabo efanayo. Le ndlela ijwayele ukusetshenziswa emicimbini yesimo senhlalo, futhi isuselwa ekubuyekezweni okuningiliziwe kwamadokhumentari, lapho amandla okuhlaziya nokuncishiswa kufanele abe khona ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Izigaba noma izigaba zayo:
- UkufundaLapho kutholakala okokusebenza futhi kungasetshenziswa njengolwazi. Lobu bufakazi bungaqhamuka emithonjeni eyinhloko neyesibili. Ama-primaries abhekisa emibhalweni yomlando noma yomthetho Ngenkathi okwakamuva kungukuhlaziywa ososayensi noma abantu abafanelekayo abakwenzayo kokwedlule.
- Ukugxekwa: Linganisa amafonti azosetshenziswa. Lapha yonke imibuzo edingekayo ivela.
- Ukuhlanganiswa: Indlela eyenziwe ngumcwaningi ngayo yonke imininingwane ukuze akwazi ukufinyelela eziphethweni.
Ukwazi izingxenye zayo, akukho okufana nokuzisebenzisa ngokubheka isibonelo esisebenzayo, ukuziqonda:
- Ukuqhathaniswa kwezinqubo zenhlalo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- Umkhondo wengxenye yethiyori uyahlaziywa, osebenzela ukwethula imibono emisha.
- Ungasetha isifundo enkampanini yokuqala, kumcimbi wamasiko wakudala, futhi uqaphele izinguquko eminyakeni edlule.
Indlela ye-Dialectical
Kususelwa ekucabangeni kwemibono maqondana nomcimbi, ukuze kuhlolisiswe ngokucophelela ukuthi imiphi efanelekela kahle incazelo yesimo sangempela, kusukela kulokhu kuhlaziywa kuthola ukuhlanganiswa komqondo. Le ndlela ibonakala ngobuningi bayo, ngoba, ngendlela ejwayelekile, isebenza kuwo wonke amasayensi nakuzo zonke izinqubo zocwaningo.
Ngendlela ehleleke ngokwengeziwe, indlela ye- ulimi lwesigodi njengoba inkulumo lapho umqondo owamukelwa njengongokoqobo uqhathaniswa, waqondwa njengo umqondo; kanye nesampula lezinkinga nokuphikisana, okuqondwa njenge ukuphikisana. Kulokhu kuqubuka kuvela, kumqondo wesithathu synthesis, ukulungiswa noma ukuqonda okusha kwenkinga.
Kucatshangelwa ukuthi, kule nqubo, lo mqondo uvivinywa ngezimpikiswano zemvelo ephikisanayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kwenziwa umbono omusha lapho zombili izinhlangothi zazibandakanyekile.
Izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko zendlela yokukhuluma yilezi:
- Ithisisi: Kusuka lapho kunendlela yomqondo.
- Ukuphikisana: Umqondo ophambene nalokho okuhlongozwayo
- Ukuhlanganiswa: Inhlanganisela yezimbili zokuqala futhi yaziwa njengesinqumo.
Esinye sezibonelo ezilula kakhulu esingazibeka kulolu hlobo lwendlela ubuso nesiphambano sempilo esiyiphilayo. Njengoba okuhle nokubi kwakhe kunobudlelwano obuqondile.
Izici zendlela
Igama elithi indlela livela esiGrekini "Izindlela", elihunyushwa ngokwezwi nezwi njenge: indlela noma indlela, yingakho incazelo yalo, ibhekisa kuzindlela eziholela ekufinyeleleni ekugcineni. Ngamagama avamile singasho ukuthi indlela ibonakala ngezici ezilandelayo:
- Kukhula kuzungeze izinhloso ezichazwe kahle.
- Izenzo zokuhleleka zidlangile, futhi azikho ezisebenza zodwa, ngoba ngayinye iyingxenye yokuhlelela, eyenzelwe ukudala umphumela omkhulu.
- Ifuna ukuthola ulwazi maqondana nezehlakalo, izehlakalo noma izimo zanoma yiluphi uhlobo.
- Kubandakanya izindlela zokuqoqa imininingwane (idatha) ehlelelwe uhlobo locwaningo olwenziwe. Isibonelo, ekutholeni ulwazi lwesimo sobuntu kungafaneleka ukukhetha ukwakheka kwezehlakalo zezibalo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu kunokuthambekela kokukhetha ukwenza ucwaningo, noma ithuluzi elithile elifanele.
- Inesikhathi sokwenza, okuyisici esinqumayo ekuhlelweni kwenqubo.
- Imisebenzi yokwanelisa izinhloso ezibekiwe yenziwa ngesikhathi esichaziwe.
- Izinhlobo zezindlela zicabanga ukugcwaliseka kwezinhlobo ezimbili zokuhlaziywa, futhi kuya ngezimo zocwaningo olwenziwa.
- Le nqubo yokuhlaziya ivumela ukwakheka kweziphetho, ezivumela ukubekwa kwezici ezihloliwe.