Umculo uye wachazwa ngokwesiko, noma ngabe iyiphi uhlobo lomculo lapho kubhekiswa khona, njengobuciko bokuhlanganisa imisindo nokuthula nge-oda elithile, imiculo kanye nesigqi, ekufuneni unomphela komqondo wobuhle futhi kuthonywe yimizwa nomoya wombhali nalabo abelana ngokuthanda kwakhe okuhle . Ubufakazi bokuba khona kwayo nemvelaphi yayo buhlehlela emuva emlandweni, yize ngabe ngubani ongacabanga ngomhlaba ngaphandle komculo? Yize imvelaphi yayo ingenakumiswa ngokunembile ngokuqinisekile, kukholelwa ukuthi ukuqala kwayo kungatholakala ekulingiseni, ngumuntu, ngemisindo yemvelo, ukucula kwezinyoni, amagagasi olwandle, umsindo womoya., phakathi kwabanye.
Umculo ungumkhiqizo wamasiko njengakho konke ukubonakaliswa kobuciko Futhi ekuguqukeni komqondo wayo oyisisekelo, kungashiwo ukuthi umculo uyinkomba yemizwa nemizwelo ekufuneni okungapheli kokuvusa ukuzwela kobuhle kubaxhumanisi okwakha injabulo nokwaneliseka ngokukhuphula umuzwa nemizwelo kumazinga. kunzima ukukhomba nokukala. Njengoba umculo ungumkhiqizo wamasiko lapho ukungenelela nokuvezwa kwezinto eziningi kubonakala, kulula ukuqonda ukuthi kungani izinhlobo zomculo ziningi kangaka, futhi zihlukahlukene njengokuhlukaniswa kwazo kanye nenqubo yokusebenza.
Ukuhlukaniswa komculo
Umculo wulimi lomhlaba wonke, olweqa imigoqo yokwehluka kwamasiko, ulimi, phakathi kwezinye izinto eziningi esingazisebenzisa lapho sisungula ukuhlukaniswa okusivumela ukuthi sihleleke kangcono futhi sifunde lobu buciko, ake sibheke ezinye zezinqubo ezilawulwa kakhulu nezamukelekayo lapho ukuhluza uhlobo lomculo.
Indawo yokudabuka kwezwe
Izici zendawo nezamasiko zinomthelela ophawulekayo ekuthuthukiseni umculo onesici wohlanga oluthile noma iqembu elithile lomphakathi.
- Greece, eGrisi kunemvelaphi yazo izinhlobo zomculo zasentshonalanga. Leli dolobha lithatha indawo ebalulekile emlandweni womculo.
- I-Dominican Republic Kulesi sifunda seCaribbean uhlobo lomelo oluyi-meringue, luyi- uhlobo lomculo okudanisekayo okusabalalise kamuva kwezinye izifunda ezinokuhlukahluka kwendawo okuhlala kuyo.
- Asia Kulesi sifunda isitayela somculo esenziwe isitayela sihamba phambili, sivezwa ngokukhombisa amafomu omculo ahlukahlukene futhi acace bha.
- Latin America Umculo waseLatin American ucebe kakhulu, ubanzi futhi uhlukahlukene, njengoba cishe kuzo zonke izifunda izinhlobo zivela kumasiko, amasiko nemicimbi ethile. Kulesi sifunda sithola: I-Salsa, Merengue, Traditional, Cumbia, Vallenato, Ranchera, Northern Band, Tango, Flamenco, Latin Jazz, Samba, Pagode, Sertanejo, ne-Rock ngeSpanishi
- United States izinhlobo zomculo ezivame kakhulu kule ndawo yilezi: Jazz. Umculo wezwe, iRhythm neBlues neRock. I-Techno uhlobo lomculo we-elekthronikhi ovele eDetroit, e-USA, maphakathi namashumi ayisishiyagalombili.
- Cuba ISalsa uhlobo lomculo, isigqi yisiko lomculo elenziwa ngabaculi abanemvelaphi yaseCuba. Njengohlobo luhlanganisa ama-subgenres amaningi kwazise i-salsa iyinhlobo nokuhlanganiswa kwezinye izinhlobo eziningi zomculo: umdanso, ukuphikisana, idanzon, i-guaracha, i-guaguancó, i-mambo, i-chachachá ne-son montuno.
- I-Japan Ngokufika kobuBuddha izinhlobo ezithile zomculo zasungulwa eJapan. Nakhu ukuthi sithola kanjani iBugaku, igama elinikezwe umculo ohambisana nemidanso ethile. UbuShinto umculo wokholo kanti uKagen okuwuhlobo lomculo olungenayo injongo ethile kumane kungumculo wobumnandi bokwenza umculo nokuzwa.
Ngokuya ngeFunction yayo
Umculo njengeqiniso lamasiko uqhamuka ezenzweni ezahlukahlukene zomuntu, ngakho-ke kulesi sigaba sithola izinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- Ezenkolo Kungumculo owakhelwe ngqo ukuhambisana nezinkonzo noma imikhosi. Ilungiselelwe ngokususelwa ezidingweni nasezidingweni zomthetho noma lezo zamakholwa noma abasebenza enkolweni ethile noma enkolweni ethile.
- U-Profane. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa wonke umculo ohloselwe imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yabantu ngaphandle kokuxhumanisa nanoma iyiphi imfundiso yokholo.
Ngokusho komsindo izindlela ezisetshenzisiwe.
Ngokwezindlela zomsindo ezisetshenzisiwe, umculo ungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: ukuphimisela, ukuhlabelela kanye nokuqamba.
- Umculo wephimbo. Kulesi sigaba sithola ukuthi umculo odlalwa yizwi eliculwa kuphela. Imisebenzi yomculo noma izingcezu ezenziwe yizwi lomuntu, ngaphandle kokuhambisana nezinsimbi, zibizwa nge- “a cappella”. Kulokhu umsebenzi ungenziwa ngumuntu oyedwa, kulokhu-ke lo mculi ubizwa njengomuntu ohamba yedwa, noma kungaculwa futhi yikhwaya noma iqembu labantu elihumusha wonke amazwi ngezwi elifanayo "ngazwi linye". nolayini we-melodic noma we-polyphonic, ngokuhlukahluka, imvamisa 1/8 esikalini somculo ofanayo, nethoni enokwehluka okuhlukile kulayini we-melodic.
- Umculo wezinsimbi. Kulolu hlobo lomculo sithola uhlobo lomculo oludlalwa kuphela ngamathuluzi. Lolu hlobo lokusebenza lungenziwa ngethuluzi elilodwa, futhi kulokhu sikhuluma ngo "soloist" noma lungenziwa ngotolika ongaphezu koyedwa, ngohlobo olufanayo lwensimbi noma ngezinsimbi ezahlukahlukene ezihambisanayo ezenza ndawonye umsebenzi obalulekile. Wengcezu.
- Umculo wezinsimbi. Yizinhlobonhlobo zomculo okubalwa ukuhlanganiswa kwamazwi nezinsimbi ukuze kwenziwe.
Ngokusho komphakathi okuqondiswe kuwo
Njengoba umculo kuyiqiniso elingokwesiko, elizalelwe ekubonisweni kobuciko, ukukhulelwa kwawo kuphawuleka ngezici zamaqembu esintu eziwudalile, ukuzivumelanisa nezinhloso ezahlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke ngokwalo mbandela sithola:
- Folk noma umculo othandwayo Lolu hlobo lwazalwa njengomkhiqizo wokubonakaliswa okudumile, ingqikithi yalo umsebenzi walo, obonakala ngokwethembeka emsebenzini ngamunye. Ngakho-ke, kusuka embhalweni noma kumaculo kuya kwifomu lomculo, kuvela njengomphumela oqondile we-idiosyncrasy ethandwayo. Kubandakanya imisebenzi evele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi egcinwe njengokubonakaliswa okuthembekile kwendabuko. Kulolu hlobo, abantu bangumqambi, umklami kanye nesiqinisekiso sokongiwa kwayo, okutholakala sibonga iqiniso lokuthi lidluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
- Umculo wehlelo kuleli qembu sithola wonke umculo onesiko, ofundile, ofundile noma okhethiwe. Lolu hlobo lukhonjelwe ukutadisha nakuzo zonke izinhlobo zokucatshangelwa, zobuhle, nezakhiwo. Kufaka phakathi amahora amaningi okufunda nemibhalo ebhaliwe futhi abahumushi bayo badlula kwinqubo ende futhi eqinile yokuqeqesha ukuze bakwazi ukufeza.
- Umculo odumile iqoqo lezitayela zomculo ezingaziwa nezizwe ezithile noma izinhlanga ezithile. Imisebenzi yakhe yokumelwa ibonakala ngokulula kwayo nangesikhathi esifushane nangokuthi ihlanganiswe kaningi ngezindlela zomculo ezilula. Akudingi izinga eliphezulu lokuqeqeshwa komculo ukuthi kwenziwe futhi kuyamakethwa futhi kusatshalaliswe sibonga abezindaba.
- Umculo we-elekthronikhi: Lolu hlobo lomculo luvela eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, lolu hlobo lususelwe, njengoba igama lisho, kuphela imisindo ye-elekthronikhi edalwe elebhu
- Umculo ngokwesikhathi esingokomlando. Kulesi sigaba sithola izingcezu rizethulo zezikhathi zomlando ezinezimpawu ezimakwe kahle ngakunye okwavela, ukubonakaliswa komculo, ukubonakaliswa kwempilo nokuzizwa kwesikhathi. Nakhu ukuthi sithola kanjani:
- Endulo noma ephakathi (1000 kuye ku-1400)
- Ukuvuselelwa kabusha (1400 kuya ku-1600) lesi sikhathi esingokomlando sibonakala ngokuvuka kwesithombe somuntu ovuka ekuhlanganeni kwakhe nezindala futhi azichaze kuye njengamandla amasha nobuciko. Umculo walesi sikhathi ubonakala nge-polyphony ne-counterpoint.
- I-Baroque (1600-1750) kuvela ekusetshenzisweni kwamathoni ayinkimbinkimbi esikhundleni se-polyphony ne-counterpoint
- I-Classicism (1750-1800) uhlobo olubonakala ngokubeka imihlahlandlela emisha ekubunjweni nasekwakhiweni. Kulesi sikhathi i-harpsichord iyanyamalala bese kuvela upiyano
- Romanticism (1800-1910) umculo ubonwa njengengxenye yomzamo wamasiko, ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zokuqeqeshwa komculo (ama-conservatories) kuyakhuthazwa
- Okwamanje Ikhulu lama-XNUMX lihlanganisa okwangemva kokuthandana, kwesimanje nokwedlule.