Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zosizo nezimpawu zazo

Umhlaba wakhiwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-4600 eyedlule, futhi kuwo wonke umlando wawo ubuguqula futhi wenza izinguquko ngenxa yezimo ezahlukahlukene ezenzeka ngenxa yokusebenzisana phakathi kwezakhi zawo.

Uma sibheka nxazonke zethu, sibona izintaba ezifanayo, izigodi ezifanayo zempilo yethu yonke, kepha lokho akusho ukuthi sonke isikhathi zihlala zinje, ubuso bomhlaba buhlala buguquka, yize singeke sakubona, ngoba ziningi izinguquko ezenzeka kancane kancane futhi kancane kancane, kepha kwesinye isikhathi izinguquko zinodlame kakhulu futhi singazifakazela ngokushesha. Amandla aqala lezi zinguquko kuqweqwe lomhlaba nokuma kwawo aziwa ngokuthi i-diastrophism, futhi kwenzeka njengendlela yokuba uqweqwe uqobo luzibhalansise, ngoba izinhlayiya ezigugayo endaweni eyodwa kufanele zibekwe kwenye, eveza ukucwila futhi okuvela ingcindezi eyisishiyagalolunye eletha njengomphumela wokuthi enye indawo ebusweni bomhlaba evuka.

Usizo iqoqo lamafomu ahlukene nezici zomhlaba ezakha umhlaba kanye nolwandle, futhi kufaka phakathi umehluko ekuphakameni kwamaphoyinti aphezulu naphansi kwanoma iyiphi indawo.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhululeka

Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene umhlaba ozivezayo zimelwe ukukhululeka futhi lokhu kuhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amakhulu amabili: Ukusizwa kwezwekazi kanye nokusizwa olwandle.

Uhlobo lokusizwa kwezwekazi

El ukukhululeka kwezwekazi. Yakhiwa ubujamo obuhlukile obutholakala kumazwekazikazi, okuwukuthi, ubuso obuvelayo besikhumba somhlaba. Amafomu okusizwa kwezwekazi angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu alandelayo:

• Imilomo. Zakha izindawo eziphakeme kakhulu, ezinokungalingani okungazelelwe okubonakala emithambekeni emikhulu kakhulu, ezigodini ezicwilile naseziqongweni ezincane. Kuyamukelwa ukuthi izintaba zinezindawo eziphakeme ezingaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-600. Zethulwa njengezintaba, amaketanga kanye neCordilleras. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zezintaba esinazo:
• I-Seranías. ISierra evela kulimi lwesiLatini i-serra, iyisiqeshana sezintaba okuthi, ngoba ziphakathi kolunye uhlelo olukhulu lwezintaba futhi olayini wazo ophakeme unesimo esiphukile noma esivezwe kahle, ngokuvamile side ukwedlula ububanzi futhi i-axis yayo emaphakathi ibizwa nge-eksisi. i-orographic.
• Amaketanga. Eyaziwa nangokuthi izintaba, igama layo livela kuLatin Catena, okusho ukulandelana kwezixhumanisi ezihlangene ngandlela thile. Uchungechunge lwezintaba luchungechunge lwezintaba ezixhunywe ndawonye futhi ukunwetshwa kwalo kukhulu kunezintaba.
• I-Coordillera Uhla lwezintaba luchungechunge lwezintaba ezixhunyaniswe ndawonye. Lokhu kulandelana kwezintaba kwakhiwa emikhawulweni yezwekazi kusukela ekuqongeleleni kweziduli, ngoba ukucindezelwa okwenziwa yingcindezi yangemuva, kwaveza amafolda futhi kwadala ukuphakama.
• Amathafa. Yizindawo eziphakeme ezinama-tabular, ezingamamitha angaphezu kwama-200 ukuphakama. Zindawo eziphakemeyo ezineziqongqo eziyisicaba, yingakho zaziwa nangokuthi amathafa. Zinezici ezifanayo nezasemathafeni, kepha zitholakala ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-600 engaphezulu.
• Ama-Colinas  Ziyizindawo eziphakeme ezingaphansi kakhulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi kunokukhululeka kwezintaba. Zitholakala phakathi kwamamitha angama-200 kuya kwangu-600 ukuphakama. Kancane ngokungazelelwe emvelweni. Zivame ukuba yizindawo zokuhamba eziphakathi kwezintaba namathafa, futhi imvamisa zihlala ezindaweni ezinkulu ezilungele ezolimo nokwakhiwa kwamahlathi.
• Izigodi Izigodi yizindawo ezivame ukuhlala emfuleni. Ngokuya ngemvelaphi yazo, zineqhwa noma ziwuketshezi.Izigodi zemifula zisuselwa ekugugulekeni okwenziwa umfula, yingakho emincane futhi ejulile futhi enesimo esime njengo “V”. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izigodi zeqhwa zivela ekugugulekeni komhlaba okwabangelwa ukudlula kweqhwa, ngakho-ke zibanzi, zinendawo ephansi futhi zinomumo obumbeke njengo- "U". Ukunisela njalo ezigodini kuzenza zivunde kakhulu.

Izinhlobo zokukhululeka olwandle.

Impumuzo yasolwandle. Kuthathwa njengengxenye yaleli qembu, ingubo yomhlaba etholakala ezansi kolwandle. Kuyaziwa nangokuthi usizo lwasolwandle, ukukhululeka kwamanzi noma ulwandle. Ngaphakathi kokwakheka kolwandle esikutholayo:

• Ishalofu lezwekazi: Yisifunda sephansi lolwandle esiseduzane nogu. Yakhiwe ngesandiso esisicaba sobubanzi obukhulu noma obuncane ngokusho kwezifunda futhi lokho kuveza ukwanda okuncane kokujula njengoba kuhamba kude nolwandle. Izinga layo liphakathi kwamamitha ayi-0 nama-200 ngaphansi kobuso bolwandle. Iningi lezinhlobo zezitshalo zasolwandle nezilwane zitholakala kule ndawo.
• Umthambeka Wezwekazi. Kubandakanya ukwehla noma ukwehla okucijile phakathi kweshalofu lezwekazi liye emazingeni aphakathi kwamamitha ayi-3000 4000 no-78 ukujula. Kuyindawo yemvula enenzika, elawulwa amandla adonsela phansi, ikakhulukazi imisinga egeleza ibheke emthambekeni wentaba, iye ezansi lapho izinhlabathi zifakwa khona ngendlela yezendlalelo noma imicu futhi zivela kubalandeli bamanzi. (Ukuqoqwa kwezidalwa ezimise okwe-fan kubheke ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle. Umthambeka, kanye neshalofu lezwekazi, kungamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingama-XNUMX ebusweni, cishe ikota yolwandle.
• Izitsha ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Kuwukucindezeleka okukhulu ebusweni bomhlaba ophansi kolwandle, ngokusobala kuhlala ulwandle, okungukuthi izinhlobo zama-reliefs eziyisisekelo yilezi ezilandelayo:
• Amathafa ase-Abyssal. Izindawo ezithe xaxa ezibunjiwe ezakhiwe izidalwa ezivela ezwenikazi.
• Imisele yase-Ocean Kungamabhulebhu amade futhi amancane, lapho amapuleti we-lithosphere abhujiswa khona ngokuncishiswa. Lapho izingqimba ezimbili zoqweqwe lomhlaba zishayisana, i-oceanic, okuyiyona ecijile, ibekwa ngaphansi kwepuleti lezwekazi, elingaminyene kangako, okwenza imisele nezindawo zomsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba.
• Amagquma ase-Oceanic. AmaCordilleras akhiwe phansi olwandle azungeze ezansi enwetshiwe, lapho amapuleti amabili ehlukana, kuvuleka imbobo lapho kukhuphuka khona impahla yemagnethi kanye nokulinganisa okuba isikhungo okwenziwa ezinhlangothini zombili zesikhungo sendawo. Kulezi zinsimbi kukhona, ngakho-ke, kukhona umsebenzi omkhulu wentaba-mlilo nokuzamazama komhlaba.
• Izintaba Zasolwandle. Izintaba-mlilo nama-guyots: Izintaba eziphakemeyo ukuphakama kolwandle, kwemvelaphi yentaba-mlilo efinyelela kumamitha ayi-1000 ngenhla ashiwo ngezansi. Amagquma entaba-mlilo Ziyafana nezintaba zasolwandle, kepha ubude bazo bungamamitha angamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisihlanu. Abafana Ziyizigaxa zentaba-mlilo ezinqunyiwe (ziyisicaba.)

Ukuhlukaniswa ngokuya ngemvelaphi yayo

Ukungalingani kokusizwa komhlaba kwezwekazi kungenxa, ngokwengxenye, ekusebenzeni kwamandla endo native, ukubonakaliswa okusobala kakhulu okuyikho diastrophism kanye nentaba-mlilo. Iqoqo lezinqubo ezikhiqiza la mandla libizwa i-tectonism. Umsebenzi we-Tectonic unikeza uhlobo losizo olwaziwa njenge ukukhululeka kwesakhiwo.

Ngaphezu kwamandla endogenous ekwakheni ukukhululeka komhlaba wezwekazi, izinqubo zangaphandle ezifana nokushisa kwesimo sezulu, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kanye nokudilizwa komhlaba kuyangenelela, kuqhutshwa ngamandla elanga. Ngenxa yalezi zinqubo, i Ukusizwa kwebanga.

Ukuma kokukhululeka bese kuncike kuhlobo lwayo nokwakheka kwalo: ,kungumphumela wamandla endogenous; ngokuphambene nalokho ukukhululeka kokuguguleka kufaka phakathi ukubunjwa okungezona ezokwakheka okungumkhiqizo wokumodela

Ukuhlukaniswa kokukhululeka kwesakhiwo

Ekukhululekeni kwesakhiwo, kungahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:

Amakhrayoni yizingxenye ezizinzile kakhulu zamazwekazi, ziyizinhlamvu zasendulo zamazwekazi. Zakhiwe ngesihlangu ngokuyisisekelo nokwelulwa okungcwatshwe okuyisisekelo okwaziwa njengeplinth noma ipulatifomu.

Izintaba nezinsiza ze-tectonic. Lokhu kukhiqizwe yi-orogenesis, okuyinqubo yokwakhiwa kwezintaba, ngamafolda noma amaphutha nangokunyakaza kwe-epirogenic, ukunyusa nokunyakaza kokucwila komhlaba.

Izintaba nezinye izingozi okwenziwe ukunqwabelana kwamadwala ancibilikisiwe (lava) akhuphuka ngokuqhuma okuvela ngaphakathi kwe-lithosphere.

Ukuhlukaniswa kokukhululeka okungezona ezokwakhiwa

Ingeyodwa enomsuka wayo wezenzo zamandla angaphandle noma angaphandle abizwa nangokuthi i-gradation ephikisana namandla endo native avela ku-tectonism. Le mikhosi ithambekele ekunciphiseni izingozi noma ukungajwayelekile kobuso obudalwa yi-tectonism.

Amandla we-gradation avela e-hydrosphere (imifula, amagagasi, amagagasi, imisinga yolwandle) e-cryosphere (izinguzunga zeqhwa), emkhathini (imimoya) nase-biosphere (izilwane nezitshalo) Lawa ma-ejenti athatha amandla awo elangeni futhi yenza ngamandla adonsela phansi.

Amandla we-gradation aboniswa ngezinqubo ezintathu ezinkulu:

Isimo sezuluinqubo lapho amadwala ehlakazeka khona ngenxa yamandla angaphandle.

Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Iqoqo lezinqubo zokumodela zobuso bomhlaba ngamanxusa emvelo anjengokuthi: amanzi, iqhwa nomoya, kufaka phakathi ukuthuthwa kwezinto kodwa hhayi isimo sezulu.

Izilingo: ukubekwa kwezinto ezinamadwala ezisetshenziswe ukuguguleka, kwahlukaniswa futhi kwahudulwa ngamanxusa afana nemifula, amagagasi, umoya, izinguzunga zeqhwa, kanye nokuqongelelwa kwezinto ezifile noma amakhemikhali.