Izinyathelo zendlela yesayensi: ukuthi ziyini, incazelo nokuthi ungazenza kanjani

Ibizwa ngokuthi "indlela yesayensi”Ukusetha izinyathelo noma amasu enziwe ukuthola imininingwane ebuyekeziwe mayelana nezihloko ezihlobene nanoma yisiphi isayensi; lapho, ukuze kuthathwe njengesayensi, ucwaningo kufanele lususelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho, ukulinganiswa kwedatha, futhi kubhekwe nengqondo.

Izinyathelo noma izigaba zendlela yesayensi zingahlukahluka futhi zingahlukaniswa kuya ngocwaningo nendawo yesayensi lapho kwenziwa khona (ezinye kulula kakhulu ukuziqinisekisa kunezinye). Ngaleso sizathu, kanye neqiniso lokufuna ukukhombisa izinyathelo okufanele zilandelwe kulabo abanentshisekelo yokwenza uphenyo lwalolu hlobo, sikulungiselele lokhu okufakiwe.

Yiziphi izinyathelo zendlela yesayensi?

Izinyathelo noma izigaba zale ndlela yilezi: imibuzo, ukubuka, isitatimende se-hypothesis, ukuhlolwa, ukuhlaziywa nokuphetha. Zonke zisetshenziselwe ukuhlola isihloko, ukuphakamisa isixazululo, ukuhlola nokuthola iziphetho; ngakho-ke manje sizoqhubeka ngokuningiliziwe ngamunye wabo ukuze asetshenziswe kahle.

Buza umbuzo ofanele

Ukuqala uphenyo usebenzisa indlela yesayensi, kuyadingeka ukubuza umbuzo mayelana nesihloko sentshisekelo. Ukuqonda kalula, sizosebenzisa ezinye izibonelo:

• Iyiphi ingilazi enamandla amakhulu amanzi?
• Kungani izinkuni zintanta emanzini?

Ukuqaphela nokuphenya

Kuyadingeka ukuma ku- phawula kanye nocwaningo oluvumela ukuqoqa idatha eningi ngangokunokwenzeka ukuphendula umbuzo noma imibuzo ephakanyisiwe. Lokhu kufanele kube ukubhekwa okuphenywa nekhwalithi, ngakho-ke ngezansi sizochaza ezinye izindlela zokubheka.

Ukubheka kwesayensi kusebenza ukukwazi ukuchaza ukuthi kungani noma yimuphi omunye umbuzo, ngosizo lwedatha eqoqwe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu kungahlukaniswa kube yizinhlobo ezintathu, ukubheka okungenasistimu, okulinganiselwe okuhlelekile nokuhlelekile. Kodwa-ke, ezinyathelweni i-systematics ivame ukusetshenziswa.

• I-unsystematic ibhekisa kulowo lapho kwenziwa khona ukubonwa ngaphandle kokuhlelwa noma inhlangano yangaphambilini, okungukuthi, sibheka kuphela inkinga bese sizama ukuqoqa imininingwane engahle isithakazelise.
• I-semi-systematic ibonakala ngeqiniso lokuthi izinhloso zokubhekwa kufanele ziqale zilandelwe, ukuze kube lula kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi yini efunwayo ngayo. Yize inkinga ukuthi izici ezizobhekwa azihlelwanga.
• Ekugcineni, kukhona ukubonwa okuhlelekile, okuvumela, ngosizo lokuhlelwa kwangaphambilini kwenhloso noma izici ezizohlolwa, ukuqoqwa kwedatha ngendlela ethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukuthi uhlukanise zonke izici zokubukwa (isimilo noma isimilo, amaqiniso, imicimbi, izenzakalo ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, phakathi kokunye).

Isitatimende se-hypothesis

Lesi ngesinye sezinyathelo zendlela yesayensi lapho kuchazwa khona (okungenzeka noma cha) okuphendula umbuzo obuziwe, kucatshangelwa imininingwane eqoqwe ngokubheka noma ngocwaningo. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthola imicabango eminingi, kepha akukho neyodwa yazo engathathwa ngokuthi "iyiqiniso" ize ifakazelwe ngokuhlolwa (isinyathelo esilandelayo).

Lapho senza i-hypothesis, sincoma amathiphu alandelayo:

• Thola inkinga.
• Khomba lokho okwaziyo (imiphumela) nalokho ongakwaziyo (izimbangela).
• Thola "ukuqagela" okuphendula okwaziyo.
• Sebenzisa isakhiwo "Uma u-X bese u-Y", lapho u- "X" engakwazi futhi u- "Y" yilokho okwaziyo; "izimbangela" zenzeka ngenxa yokucabanga kwakho "kwemiphumela."

Leyo yindlela elula elula yokwenza i-hypothesis ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa, kepha ungasesha amasu amaningi noma imininingwane enetheni (futhi ungasishiya namazwana).

Ukuhlolwa

Ukuhlolwa kuyingxenye ye- izigaba zendlela yesayensi ngoba ngayo kungenzeka ukubheka i-hypothesis ngokuya ngokuhlukahluka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umuntu owenza ucwaningo kumele asebenzise okuguquguqukayo okuyisisekelo ukuze abone imiphumela ehlukile engenzeka eziguquguqukayo ezincikile, ukuze kukalwe imiphumela kuyo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kuhlose nokwenza isimo kabusha, lapho kufanele kuhlangatshezwane nezimo ezidingekayo nezinto eziqukethe into efundwayo.

Uma ukuhlolwa kunganikeza ukufaneleka kwe-hypothesis, khona-ke lokhu kungahle kube ngokuya ngokuhlolwa okwenziwe (yebo, kungenzeka ukuthi ngokuya kolunye uvivinyo banephutha); Ngenkathi ukuhlolwa kungakwazi ukuhlola i-hypothesis, khona-ke ngeke kusakwazi ukusimama, noma okungenani kuzobuzwa.

Ukuhlaziya nokuphetha

Ngokuya ngokuhlolwa okwenziwe, uchungechunge lwedatha bekufanele luqoqwe ukuvumela ukuqhubeka kokuhlaziywa. Lapho yonke idatha kufanele ibhekwe khona, kungakhathalekile ukuthi lokhu kungayithinta imiphumela noma cha ngokwalokho ebesicabanga ukuthi kuzokwenzeka. Okokugcina kubhekise eqinisweni lokuthi uma ucezu lolwazi lungavumelani nalokho ebesikulindele, kufanele futhi sikufake futhi sikuhlaziye ukuthola imiphumela ethembekile ophenyweni.

Ekugcineni, kufanele kwenziwe ukutolika kwedatha eqoqwe futhi yahlaziywa; ukuze ukwazi ukunquma ukuthi lokho okucatshangwayo kuyiqiniso noma kungamanga. Lapho esimweni sokuqala, kungakhonjiswa ukuthi ngesilingo i-hypothesis ingaqinisekiswa, okungakwenzi kube yiqiniso nakancane; ngenkathi icala lesibili lingaqeda ukuhlolwa noma libe yisiqalo sokusungulwa kwenye inkolelo-mbono.

Lezo yizinyathelo zendlela yesayensi okufanele uyenze ukwenza uphenyo; esinethemba lokuthi ukwazile ukuqonda kahle. Ezinye izinyathelo zingafakwa, ukushicilelwa kwemiphumela noma ukwenza uphenyo osekwenziwe omunye usosayensi (ukubheka umbono wakhe), kepha bekuzoba ngaphezu kwezinyathelo ezisobala, ngakho-ke akudingekile ukunikeza imininingwane.